The Tumour Microenvironment and Circulating Tumour Cells: A Partnership Driving Metastasis and Glycan-Based Opportunities for Cancer Control

Peixoto, Andreia F.; Cotton, Sofia; Santos, Lúcio Lara; Ferreira, José Alexandre

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-73119-9_1

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 179 publications

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“…CTCs are one of the most potent diagnostic, prognostic, and sensing clinical tools that can signal the presence of undetectable tumors. CTCs are home to the tumor site through IL-6 and IL-8 cytokines secretion, and infiltration is mediated through MMP1, collagenase-1, and fascin-1 [53]. The maneuvering of CTC through systemic circulation facilitates seeding in other tissues and organs.…”

Section: Stromal Cells and Ecm Componentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer Bioenergetics and Tumor Microenvironments—Enhancing Chemotherapeutics and Targeting Resistant Niches through Nanosystems

Farhana

Alsrhani

Khan

et al. 2023

Cancers

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Cancer is an impending bottleneck in the advanced scientific workflow to achieve diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic success. Most cancers are refractory to conventional diagnostic and chemotherapeutics due to their limited targetability, specificity, solubility, and side effects. The inherent ability of each cancer to evolve through various genetic and epigenetic transformations and metabolic reprogramming underlies therapeutic limitations. Though tumor microenvironments (TMEs) are quite well understood in some cancers, each microenvironment differs from the other in internal perturbations and metabolic skew thereby impeding the development of appropriate diagnostics, drugs, vaccines, and therapies. Cancer associated bioenergetics modulations regulate TME, angiogenesis, immune evasion, generation of resistant niches and tumor progression, and a thorough understanding is crucial to the development of metabolic therapies. However, this remains a missing element in cancer theranostics, necessitating the development of modalities that can be adapted for targetability, diagnostics and therapeutics. In this challenging scenario, nanomaterials are modular platforms for understanding TME and achieving successful theranostics. Several nanoscale particles have been successfully researched in animal models, quite a few have reached clinical trials, and some have achieved clinical success. Nanoparticles exhibit an intrinsic capability to interact with diverse biomolecules and modulate their functions. Furthermore, nanoparticles can be functionalized with receptors, modulators, and drugs to facilitate specific targeting with reduced toxicity. This review discusses the current understanding of different theranostic nanosystems, their synthesis, functionalization, and targetability for therapeutic modulation of bioenergetics, and metabolic reprogramming of the cancer microenvironment. We highlight the potential of nanosystems for enhanced chemotherapeutic success emphasizing the questions that remain unanswered.

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Section: Stromal Cells and Ecm Componentmentioning

confidence: 99%