The United Irishmen

Curtin, Nancy J.

doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207368.001.0001

Cited by 42 publications

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“…95 New Irish heroes were also toasted at gatherings of the United Irishmen, the Catholic Committee and the Whigs of the Capital, including Drennan and Tone, whose healths were drunk alongside Henry Grattan, the longstanding Whig opposition leader, and Napper Tandy, doyen of Dublin urban radicalism. 96 The Cork True Friends of Liberty toasted in April 1793 to Archibald Hamilton Rowan, Napper Tandy, Drennan, Lord Edward Fitzgerald, Edward Byrne, John Keogh and the jailed Simon Butler and Oliver Bond. 97 Yet there was a determination to recognize British and Irish moderates and thus toasts were also given to 'Grattan, and the minority of the Irish House of Commons', and in a list of toasts drawn up by the more temperate Henry Joy and sent to Sam McTier, 'Charles James Fox, and his Bill for rendering Truth no longer a Libel'.…”

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“…In 1794 a northern United Irishman toasted to the 'memory of Anskterman [sic]', the assassin of the king of Sweden. 108 Yet not all radicals made this shift. There were clearly gradations in Irish radicalism, and this was evinced by the toasts that they made.…”

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“…They drank 'confusion to the followers of Luther and Calvin', and a rather more threatening sectarian toast alleged to have been made was, 'May the guts of the rectors become strings for the bows of the United Irishmen'. 121 Given the increased level of tension, and indeed of violence in Ireland in the 1790s, it was only to be expected that toasting was treated as a grave matter with potentially lethal consequences. When Hamilton Rowan was offered as a toast in 1793, 'a militia officer present rose and left the room, saying he was ordered not to stay where such men were given.'…”

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“…122 A Carrickfergus United Irishman was arrested for giving the toast, 'May the arms of France never rest until they conquer their enemies and especially these three kingdoms'. 123 Following the rebellion of 1798 a member of the Bedford militia was drinking with some of the United Irishmen; 'he gave some offence, they suppose by a toast, and one of them got up and stabbed him in the back, of which he died in great agony.' 124 The radicalization of the United Irish movement and the sectarianism of some of its allies pushed many erstwhile friends of liberty into the Protestant Ultras' camp.…”

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Political Toasting in Eighteenth-Century Ireland

Powell

2006

History

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Powell, M. (2006). Political Toasting in Eighteenth-Century Ireland. History (The Journal of the Historical Association). 91 (304), 508-529. RAE2008Within clubs and societies, and at dinners and taverns all over Ireland, the toast was often the central part of the evening's entertainment. Its importance lies in the symbolism inherent in eighteenth-century alcohol consumption. In Ireland, as in England and America, the toast frequently had political implications, and therefore as a ritualistic form of consumption it deserves close study. This article explores the importance of the toast in eighteenth-century Irish political life, looking at shifts in the nature and emphasis of toasting, strains of political thought contained within toasts, and the role of the toast in the formation of varieties of Protestant patriotic identity. It is argued that the toast had a complex impact upon those present, creating an additional degree of unity and resolve, a collective bonhomie, and an awareness of a shared past and a common set of goals in the present. Toasts, however, also had an impact upon the wider political community through publication in newspapers, supplied either by those present or the organizers of the meeting or the dinner. These toasts were avidly 'consumed' and then reused by a patriotic population. Thus, toasting moved from private to public and became a convenient means of broadcasting a strongly held political belief, and of encouraging support amongst the watching, and indeed reading, populace.Peer reviewe

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Political Toasting in Eighteenth-Century Ireland

Powell

2006

History

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“…[45] The mass arrests were accompanied by a raid on the United Irish newspaper the Northern Star and it was finally suppressed by the government in May 1797. [46] With the closure of this newspaper Martha's reports were more vital than ever for the communication of accurate news from Belfast. Yet, this role was increasingly fraught and Martha was one of several noted republican sympathisers in Belfast who received an anonymous threat from the authorities instructing her not to 'converse on or meddle with government matters'.…”

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‘Womanish epistles?’ Martha McTier, female epistolarity and late eighteenth-century Irish radicalism

Kennedy

2004

Women's History Review

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ABSTRACT. This article examines the epistolary practice of Martha McTier, the sister of the Ulster Presbyterian radical and founding member of the United Irishmen, William Drennan. Drawing on literary analyses of the eighteenth-century epistolary form and Jürgen Habermas's account of the development of the public sphere, it argues that through her personal correspondence McTier was able to construct herself as a political subject, engaging in the oppositional discourse of the radical public sphere. The public reputation which McTier earned as a letter-writer and the fact that her correspondence was subject to government surveillance in the build-up to the 1798 Irish rebellion challenges the designation of the female letter as an essentially private medium, concerned with the personal and domestic, and suggests a more fluid relationship between women, letter-writing and the public and private spheres.In 1740 Samuel Richardson published the epistolary novel Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded. Its publication has been variously identified with key moments in the development of the psychological novel, in the transition from manuscript to print culture, and in the evolution of the categories of private and public in the eighteenth century.[1] Moreover, the figure of Pamela secreted in her closet, pouring her innermost thoughts and feelings into her letters, has raised multiple questions about the relationship between women and the epistolary genre. The enormous success of the novel has been interpreted as signalling a public appetite for the female epistolary voice in the eighteenth century, an appetite that has been explained by the apparent interrelation between women, letters and the private sphere, and

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F itzgerald, L ord E dward (1763–1798)

Sonnelitter¹

2009

The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest

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Lord Edward Fitzgerald was born on October 15, 1763 into the highest level of the Irish aristocracy. His father, James Fitzgerald, was the Duke of Leinster, and his mother, Emily, was the daughter of the Duke of Richmond. Lord Edward arrived in Ireland as an infant and was placed in the care of a private tutor, William Ogilvie, who schooled him according to the ultraprogressive educational theories of Jean‐Jacques Rousseau. After the death of his father in 1773 his mother took her children and Ogilvie (her lover) to France.

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The United Irishmen

Cited by 42 publications

References 0 publications

Political Toasting in Eighteenth-Century Ireland

Political Toasting in Eighteenth-Century Ireland

‘Womanish epistles?’ Martha McTier, female epistolarity and late eighteenth-century Irish radicalism

F itzgerald, L ord E dward (1763–1798)

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