The use of a test battery assessing affective behavior in rats: Order effects

Blokland, Arjan; Oever, Sanne ten; Gorp, Dennis van; Draanen, Michael van; Schmidt, Theodor; Nguyen, Emily; Krugliak, Alexandra; Napoletano, Anthony; Keuter, Sarah; Klinkenberg, Inge

doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.11.042

Cited by 69 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…It has also been suggested that C57Bl/6 mice, in contrast to other strains such as CD1 mice, are not as responsive to SSRI treatment in the FST (Petit-Demouliere et al, 2005). Another possible confounding factor may be the extensive testing battery that all animals underwent (Blokland et al, 2012). Although the order of the tests was chosen to reduce carryover effects to a minimum (McIlwain et al, 2001), it cannot be excluded that there is a test Â condition interaction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in FKBP51 Regulation Following Chronic Social Defeat Stress Correlate with Individual Stress Sensitivity: Influence of Paroxetine Treatment

Wagner

Marinescu

Hartmann

et al. 2012

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Various clinical studies have identified FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51) as a target gene involved in the development of psychiatric disorders such as depression. Furthermore, FKBP51 has been shown to affect glucocorticoid receptor signaling by sensitivity modulation and it is implicated in stress reactivity as well as in molecular mechanisms of stress vulnerability and resilience. We investigated the physiological, behavioral, and neuroendocrine parameters in an established chronic stress model both directly after stress and after a recovery period of 3 weeks and also studied the efficacy of paroxetine in this model. We then examined FKBP51 mRNA levels in the dorsal and ventral part of the hippocampus and correlated the expression to behavioral and endocrine parameters. We show robust chronic stress effects in physiological, behavioral, and neuroendocrine parameters, which were only slightly affected by paroxetine treatment. On the contrary, paroxetine led to a disruption of the neuroendocrine system. FKBP51 expression was significantly increased directly after the stress period and correlated with behavioral and neuroendocrine parameters. Taken together, we were able to further elucidate the role of FKBP51 in the mechanisms of stress resilience and vulnerability, especially with respect to behavioral and neuroendocrine parameters. These findings strongly support the concept of FKBP51 as a marker for glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity and its involvement in the development of psychiatric disorders.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in FKBP51 Regulation Following Chronic Social Defeat Stress Correlate with Individual Stress Sensitivity: Influence of Paroxetine Treatment

Wagner

Marinescu

Hartmann

et al. 2012

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…20) Drug administration: Rats received intraperitoneal injection of morphine (Morphini Hydrochloridum, Alkaloid, Macedonia) (5 and 10 mg/kg, diluted in saline) 30 minutes before behavioral testing (the second testing in control and the fi rst postoperative testing in infarction group). After behavioral testing, the morphine antagonist naloxone (0.1 mg/kg, diluted in saline, Naloxon Inresa, Inresa Arzneimittel GmbH, Freiburg, Germany) was injected intraperitoneally and after 30 minutes the entire behavioral testing procedure was repeated.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral Changes Following Experimentally-Induced Acute Myocardial Infarction in Rats

et al. 2014

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SummaryRats with experimentally-induced acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have proven to be a clinically relevant model for visceral pain. As there are no behavioral data available on rats in the postinfarction period, we aimed to identify specifi c pain-related behavioral changes following AMI to increase the validity of the model. AMI was induced by left coronary artery ligation and pain-related behavior was analyzed using the open fi eld test (OFT) and elevated plus maze (EPM). Morphine was applied following AMI induction to differentiate pain-related changes from those related to nonspecifi c global changes in responsiveness. AMI was histologically confi rmed.Hypolocomotion was consistently evident in all behavioral tests for both the infarcted group and sham group. In the OFT, both AMI and sham rats exhibited less exploratory behavior and less activity. A similar pattern of behavior was observed in EPM, where both surgical groups showed fewer entries to the open arms and spent less time in the open arms. The sham group with an intact pericardium showed the same pattern of activity as control rats. The reduction in activity and rearing observed following AMI was successfully reversed following morphine injection. This effect was abolished after naloxone application allowing us to attribute observed changes specifi cally to pain.This study demonstrates that pain-related behavior in the acute postinfarction period is generally characterized by reduced mobility and explorative behavior. Our results showed that cardiac ischemia as a consequence of experimentally-induced infarction is a less important source of pain behavior than manipulation of the pericardium. (Int Heart J 2014; 55: 169-177) Key words: Pericardium, Postoperative pain, Behavior C hest pain is the primary and the most prominent symptom leading to the hospitalization of patients with the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). 1)These patients account for 20% of patients in medical emergency departments.2) However, chest pain related to AMI varies signifi cantly both in its intensity 3,4) and incidence. 5,6) In addition, the pain severity does not seem to be a good predictor of the outcome of myocardial infarction. 7)While the evaluation of pain in humans is predominantly based on conscious perception, in animals it relies mainly on behavioral output. 8) Defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience, 9) pain cannot be determined in animals, so proxy indicators are typically used. In order to increase the translational value of their studies, pain researchers working with experimental animals have focused more on complex behavioral responses and operant measures.10,11) Visceral pain models, eg, models of cardiac ischemia, delineate well these challenges. Pain elicited in these models is vague, with no specifi c region to focus pain measurements on, so broader behavioral and cognitive analysis is necessary to detect potential changes.12)The most commonly used stimuli i...

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“…However, behavior in the FST depends on its place in the order of the behavioral test battery. Rats that were tested first in the FST were less immobile and spent more time swimming than animals which received other behavioral tests on the previous day [202]. In mice, prior testing in the plus-maze did not alter immobility time in the FST [203].…”

Section: Test Design and Environmental Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors influencing behavior in the forced swim test

Bogdanova

Kanekar

D’Anci

et al. 2013

Physiology & Behavior

359

216

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The forced swim test (FST) is a behavioral test in rodents which was developed in 1978 by Porsolt and colleagues as a model for predicting the clinical efficacy of antidepressant drugs. A modified version of the FST added the classification of active behaviors into swimming and climbing, in order to facilitate the differentiation between serotonergic and noradrenergic classes of antidepressant drugs. The FST is now widely used in basic research and the pharmaceutical screening of potential antidepressant treatments. It is also one of the most commonly used tests to assess depressive-like behavior in animal models. Despite the simplicity and sensitivity of the FST procedure, important differences even in baseline immobility rates have been reported between different groups, which complicate the comparison of results across studies. In spite of several methodological papers and reviews published on the FST, the need still exists for clarification of factors which can influence the procedure. While most recent reviews have focused on antidepressant effects observed with the FST, this one considers the methodological aspects of the procedure, aiming to summarize issues beyond antidepressant action in the FST. The previously published literature is analyzed for factors which are known to influence animal behavior in the FST. These include biological factors, such as strain, age, body weight, gender and individual differences between animals; influence of preconditioning before the FST: handling, social isolation or enriched environment, food manipulations, various kinds of stress, endocrine manipulations and surgery; schedule and routes of treatment, dosage and type of the drugs as well as experimental design and laboratory environmental effects. Consideration of these factors in planning experiments may result in more consistent FST results.

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The use of a test battery assessing affective behavior in rats: Order effects

Cited by 69 publications

References 30 publications

Differences in FKBP51 Regulation Following Chronic Social Defeat Stress Correlate with Individual Stress Sensitivity: Influence of Paroxetine Treatment

Differences in FKBP51 Regulation Following Chronic Social Defeat Stress Correlate with Individual Stress Sensitivity: Influence of Paroxetine Treatment

Behavioral Changes Following Experimentally-Induced Acute Myocardial Infarction in Rats

Factors influencing behavior in the forced swim test

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