“…Similarly, Sidoarjo, characterised by a high population density and a mix of small and large industries, shares this inundation challenge. Malang (Handayani & Prawito 2022 ; Hayati et al 2022 ), renowned as an educational hub, has recently fallen prey to these regular flooding events, which were once infrequent (Hapsari et al 2023; Hariyono & Kurniawan 2022 ; Utami & Bisri 2014 ). All these cities were interconnected by the Brantas River Basin, originating in Sumber Brantas Village, Bumiaji Sub-District, Batu City.…”