The variability of processes involved in transgene dispersal—case studies from Brassica and related genera

Jørgensen, Rikke Bagger; Hauser, Thure P.; D’Hertefeldt, Tina; Andersen, Naja Steen; Hooftman, Danny A. P.

doi:10.1007/s11356-009-0142-4

Cited by 34 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Several oilseed rape wild relative hybrids have been reported in the scientific literature, but under field conditions transgene introgression has only been confirmed only for the progeny of oilseed rape Brassica rapa hybrids (Hansen et al, 2001(Hansen et al, , 2003Warwick et al, 2003Warwick et al, , 2008Norris et al, 2004;Jørgensen, 2007). Due to ecological and genetic barriers, not all relatives of oilseed rape share the same potential for hybridisation and transgene introgression (Jenczewski et al, 2003;Chèvre et al, 2004;FitzJohn et al, 2007;Wilkinson and Ford, 2007;Devos et al, 2009;Jørgensen et al, 2009). As no or only very low numbers of viable and fertile hybrids are obtained between oilseed rape and most of its wild relatives under ideal experimental conditions (e.g., through the use of artificial pollination and embryo rescue techniques in laboratory conditions (see FitzJohn et al, 2007)), Wilkinson et al (2003) concluded that exposure under real conditions is likely to be negligible, and the probability of transgene introgression is extremely small in most instances, with the exception of B. rapa in areas where it occurs close to oilseed rape.…”

Section: It Concluded That: "In the Very Unlikely Event That Such A Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA‐GMO‐NL‐2010‐87) for the placing on the market of genetically modified herbicide tolerant oilseed rape GT73 for food containing or consisting of, and food produced from or containing ingredients produced from, oilseed rape GT73 (with the exception of refined oil and food additives) under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto

2013

EFS2

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This scientific opinion is a risk assessment for the placing on the market of the genetically modified (GM) herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape (OSR) GT73 for food containing or consisting of, and food produced from or containing ingredients produced from, OSR-GT73. OSR-GT73 contains a single insert consisting of the goxv247 and CP4 epsps expression cassettes. Both proteins confer tolerance against glyphosate-based-herbicides. Bioinformatic analyses of inserted DNA and flanking regions did not raise safety concerns. Levels of CP4 EPSPS and GOXv247 proteins in OSR-GT73 were analysed and the stability of the genetic modification was demonstrated. No biologically relevant differences were identified in the compositional/agronomic/phenotypic characteristics of OSR-GT73 compared with its conventional counterpart, except for the newly expressed proteins. No indication of potential concerns over the safety of the newly expressed CP4-EPSPS and GOXv247 proteins or the occurrence of unintended effects were identified in either OSR-GT73 pollen/pollen-containing dietary supplements or the adventitious presence of trace levels of seeds in human foods. An equivalent assessment with isolated seed protein could not be made because of the lack of availability of relevant consumption and safety data. There are no indications of increased establishment and spread of feral OSR-GT73 plants, or of hybridising wild relatives, unless exposed to glyphosate-based-herbicides. Potential interactions of feral plants with the biotic/abiotic environment do not raise concerns. Environmental risks of horizontal gene transfer into bacteria were not identified. The monitoring plan and reporting intervals are in line with the intended uses. The environmental risk assessment of OSR-GT73 did not identify any safety concerns, in the context of its intended uses. While the Panel is not in a position to conclude on the safety of OSR pollen as such, it concludes that the genetic modification in OSR-GT73 does not constitute an additional health risk if OSR-GT73 pollen were to replace non-GM OSR pollen. Scientific opinion on herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape GT73 for food containing or consisting of, and food produced from or containing ingredients produced from, oilseed rape GT73 2 EFSA Journal 2013;11 (2) 4 from Monsanto, the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA GMO Panel) was asked to deliver a Scientific Opinion on the safety of genetically modified (GM) herbicide tolerant oilseed rape GT73 (Unique Identifier MON-ØØØ73-7) for food containing or consisting of, and food produced from or containing ingredients produced from, GM oilseed rape GT73 (with the exception of refined oil and food additives).In delivering its Scientific Opinion, the EFSA GMO Panel considered the application EFSA-GMO-NL-2010-87, additional information supplied by the applicant, scientific comments submitted by the Member States, and relevant scientific publications. Further information was taken into account from previous applicatio...

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Section: It Concluded That: "In the Very Unlikely Event That Such A Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA‐GMO‐NL‐2010‐87) for the placing on the market of genetically modified herbicide tolerant oilseed rape GT73 for food containing or consisting of, and food produced from or containing ingredients produced from, oilseed rape GT73 (with the exception of refined oil and food additives) under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto

2013

EFS2

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“…Several oilseed rape × wild relative hybrids have been reported in the scientific literature, but under field conditions transgene introgression has been confirmed only for progeny of oilseed rape × Brassica rapa hybrids (Hansen et al, 2001(Hansen et al, , 2003Warwick et al, 2003Warwick et al, , 2008Norris et al, 2004;Jørgensen, 2007). Due to ecological and genetic barriers, not all relatives of oilseed rape share the same potential for hybridisation and transgene introgression (Jenczewski et al, 2003;Chèvre et al, 2004;FitzJohn et al, 2007;Wilkinson and Ford, 2007;Devos et al, 2009;Jørgensen et al, 2009). As no or only very low numbers of viable and fertile hybrids are obtained between oilseed rape and most of its wild relatives under ideal experimental conditions (e.g.…”

Section: Potential For Gene Transfer 32mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA-GMO-BE-2010-81) for the placing on the market of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape Ms8, Rf3 and Ms8 × Rf3 for food containing or consisting of, and food produced from or containing ingredients pro

2012

EFSA Journal

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This scientific opinion is a risk assessment for the placing on the market of the genetically modified (GM) herbicide‐tolerant oilseed rape (OSR) Ms8, Rf3 and Ms8×Rf3 for food containing or consisting of, and food produced from or containing ingredients produced from, these GM plants. OSR Ms8 (male sterile) and Rf3 (fertility restorer) are the parents of OSR Ms8×Rf3, which is fertile, contains the bar, barstar and barnase genes, and is tolerant to glufosinate‐ammonium‐containing herbicides. Integrity of the inserts present in the single events was demonstrated in the stack. Molecular characterisation did not reveal any safety issues. No biologically relevant differences were identified in the composition or agronomic and phenotypic characteristics of OSR Ms8×Rf3, as compared with its non‐GM comparator, except for the newly expressed proteins. The safety assessment identified no concerns regarding the potential toxicity and allergenicity of OSR Ms8, Rf3 and Ms8×Rf3. A broiler study confirmed that OSR Ms8×Rf3 is as nutritious as its non‐GM comparator. There are no indications of an increased likelihood of establishment and spread of feral OSR Ms8, Rf3 and Ms8×Rf3 plants, or of hybridising wild relatives, unless exposed to glufosinate‐ammonium‐containing herbicides. Considering the intended uses, potential interactions of feral OSR Ms8, Rf3 and Ms8×Rf3 plants with the biotic and abiotic environment are not considered an issue. Environmental risks associated with a possible horizontal transfer into bacteria have not been identified. The monitoring plan and reporting intervals are in line with the intended uses. In conclusion, the EFSA GMO Panel considers that the information available for OSR Ms8, Rf3 and Ms8×Rf3 addresses the scientific comments raised by Member States and that OSR Ms8, Rf3 and Ms8×Rf3 are unlikely to have an adverse effect on human and animal health or on the environment, in the context of their intended uses.

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“…There is no evidence to suggest that HT traits in a wild relative changes its behaviour (Scheffler and Dale, 1994;Eastham and Sweet, 2002;Chèvre et al, 2004;Warwick et al, 2003Warwick et al, , 2004Warwick et al, , 2008Jørgensen, 2007;Jørgensen et al, 2009), or the scale and nature of its interactions with associated flora and fauna (Wilkinson et al, 2003;Wilkinson and Ford, 2007). Progeny from hybrids of oilseed rape and wild relatives that bear the HT trait do not show any enhanced fitness, persistence and invasiveness, and behave as conventional counterparts, unless the herbicides for which tolerance is obtained are applied .…”

Section: Wild Relativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several oilseed rape x wild relative hybrids have been reported in the scientific literature, but under field conditions transgene introgression has only been confirmed for progeny of oilseed rape x B. rapa hybrids (Hansen et al, 2001(Hansen et al, , 2003Warwick et al, 2003Warwick et al, , 2008Norris et al, 2004;Jørgensen, 2007). Due to ecological and genetic barriers, not all relatives of oilseed rape share the same potential for hybridisation and transgene introgression (Jenczewski et al, 2003; Chèvre et al, 2004;FitzJohn et al, 2007;Wilkinson and Ford, 2007; Devos et al, 2009a;Jørgensen et al, 2009). For transgene introgression to occur, both species must occur in their respective distribution range of viable pollen.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Feral genetically modified herbicide tolerant oilseed rape from seed import spills: are concerns scientifically justified?

Devos

Hails

Messéan³

et al. 2011

Transgenic Res

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Contact CEH NORA team at noraceh@ceh.ac.ukThe NERC and CEH trademarks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner.1 | P a g e KEYWORDSGenetically modified oilseed rape, herbicide tolerance, seed spillage, ferality, persistence, invasiveness, coexistence, introgression 2 | P a g e ABSTRACTOne of the concerns surrounding the import (for food and feed uses or processing) of genetically modified herbicide tolerant (GMHT) oilseed rape is that, through seed spillage, the herbicide tolerance (HT) trait will escape into agricultural or semi-natural habitats, causing environmental or economic problems. Based on these concerns, three EU countries have invoked national safeguard clauses to ban the marketing of specific GMHT oilseed rape events on their territory. However, the scientific basis for the environmental and economic concerns posed by feral GMHT oilseed rape resulting from seed import spills is debatable.While oilseed rape has characteristics such as secondary dormancy and small seed size that enable it to persist and be redistributed in the landscape, the presence of ferals is not in itself an environmental or economic problem. Crucially, feral oilseed rape has not become invasive outside cultivated and ruderal habitats, and HT traits are not likely to result in increased invasiveness. Feral GMHT oilseed rape has the potential to introduce HT traits to volunteer weeds in agricultural fields, but would only be amplified if the herbicides to which HT volunteers are tolerant were used routinely in the field. However, this worst-case scenario is most unlikely, as seed import spills are mostly confined to port areas. Economic concerns revolve around the potential for feral GMHT oilseed rape to contribute to GM admixtures in non-GM crops. Since feral plants derived from cultivation (as distinct from import) occur at too low a frequency to affect the coexistence threshold of 0.9% in the EU, it can be concluded that feral GMHT plants resulting from seed import spills will have little relevance as a potential source of pollen or seed for GM admixture. This paper concludes that feral oilseed rape in Europe should not be routinely managed, and certainly not in semi-natural habitats, as the benefits of such action would not outweigh the negative effects of management.3 | P a g e INTRODUCTIONThe global area cropped with genetically modified (GM) crops has consistently increased each year since they were first commercially cultivated in 1996 (1.7 million hectares), reaching 148 million hectares in 2010 (James, 2010). The advent of GM crops and their rapid expansion in terms of cropping area evoked intense debate about their safety (Hails, 2000; Devos et al., 2008b;Waltz, 2009; Gaskell et al., 2011). Concerns have been raised that the commercial release of GM crops could result in adverse environmental and economic effects.Environmental concerns include the potential for altered fitness of the crop ...

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The variability of processes involved in transgene dispersal—case studies from Brassica and related genera

Cited by 34 publications

References 39 publications

Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA-GMO-BE-2010-81) for the placing on the market of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape Ms8, Rf3 and Ms8 × Rf3 for food containing or consisting of, and food produced from or containing ingredients pro

Feral genetically modified herbicide tolerant oilseed rape from seed import spills: are concerns scientifically justified?

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