The Vestibular System

Goldberg, Jay M.; Wilson, Victor J.; Cullen, Kathleen E.; Angelaki, Dora E.; Broussard, Dianne M.; Büttner‐Ennever, Jean A.; Fukushima, Kunihiro; Minor, Lloyd B.

doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195167085.001.0001

Cited by 198 publications

(136 citation statements)

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“…Whether the superior and dorsal vermal lobules contribute to gaze holding is not clear. The lobules of the superior vermis (lobules I to V) are known to integrate vestibular and proprioceptive input [25] and are likely important for postural stability [26], while lobules VI and VII contribute to smooth pursuit and saccades [27]. Noteworthy, partial midline/paramedian cerebellectomy including vermal lobules IV-IX, but sparing the dentate nucleus and the flocculus/paraflocculus did not result in GEN in two cats [16].…”

Section: Distribution Of Cerebellar Atrophy In Patients With Genmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaze holding deficits discriminate early from late onset cerebellar degeneration

Tarnutzer

Weber

Schuknecht³

et al. 2015

J Neurol

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The vestibulo-cerebellum calibrates the output of the inherently leaky brainstem neural velocityto-position integrator to provide stable gaze holding. In healthy humans small-amplitude centrifugal nystagmus is present at extreme gaze-angles, with a non-linear relationship between eye-drift velocity and eye eccentricity. In cerebellar degeneration this calibration is impaired, resulting in pathological gaze-evoked nystagmus (GEN). For cerebellar dysfunction, increased eye drift may be present at any gaze angle (reflecting pure scaling of eye drift found in controls) or restricted to far-lateral gaze (reflecting changes in shape of the non-linear relationship) and resulting eyed-drift patterns could be related to specific disorders. We recorded horizontal eye positions in 21 patients with cerebellar neurodegeneration (gaze-angle = ±40°) and clinically confirmed GEN. Eye-drift velocity, linearity and symmetry of drift were determined. MR-images were assessed for cerebellar atrophy. In our patients, the relation between eye-drift velocity and gaze eccentricity was non-linear, yielding (compared to controls) significant GEN at gaze-eccentricities 20°. Pure scaling was most frequently observed (n = 10/18), followed by pure shape-changing (n = 4/18) and a mixed pattern (n = 4/18). Pure shape-changing patients were significantly (p = 0.001) younger at disease-onset compared to pure scaling patients. Atrophy centered around the superior/dorsal vermis, flocculus/paraflocculus and dentate nucleus and did not correlate with the specific drift behaviors observed. Eye drift in cerebellar degeneration varies in magnitude; however, it retains its non-linear properties. With different drift patterns being linked to age at disease-onset, we propose that the gaze-holding pattern (scaling vs. shape-changing) may discriminate early-from late-onset cerebellar degeneration. Whether this allows a distinction among specific cerebellar disorders remains to be determined.

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Section: Distribution Of Cerebellar Atrophy In Patients With Genmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaze holding deficits discriminate early from late onset cerebellar degeneration

Tarnutzer

Weber

Schuknecht³

et al. 2015

J Neurol

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“…The vestibular system provides vertebrates with information about orientation and acceleration (Goldberg et al 2012). Fish have 3 pairs of otoliths: the sagittae, lapilli and asterisci.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is a compensatory eye rotation used to maintain visual acuity during self-motion (Goldberg et al 2012). The precision of VOR performance is commonly measured by 2 variables: gain, the ratio of eye amplitude to head amplitude, and phase shift, the temporal synchrony between head and eye movements (Goldberg et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The precision of VOR performance is commonly measured by 2 variables: gain, the ratio of eye amplitude to head amplitude, and phase shift, the temporal synchrony between head and eye movements (Goldberg et al 2012). The VOR is stimulated by the movements of the otoliths and endolymph in the semi-circular canals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The VOR is stimulated by the movements of the otoliths and endolymph in the semi-circular canals. It comprises a '3-neuron arc', in which primary afferent neurons convey signals from sensory hair cells to secondary vestibular neurons in the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem, which in turn project to ocular motoneurons that innervate the extraocular muscles of the eyes (Szentagothai 1950, Goldberg et al 2012). The result is a counter-rotation of the eyes of equal amplitude and opposite velocity to head movement, in order to stabilize images on the retina in relation to the Earth's geoid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Otolith size and the vestibulo-ocular reflex of larvae of white seabass Atractoscion nobilis at high pCO2

Shen¹,

Chen²,

Schoppik³

et al. 2016

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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We investigated vestibular function and otolith size (OS) in larvae of white seabass Atractoscion nobilis exposed to high partial pressure of CO 2 (pCO 2 ) The context for our study is the increasing concentration of CO 2 in seawater that is causing ocean acidification (OA). The utricular otoliths are aragonitic structures in the inner ear of fish that act to detect orientation and acceleration. Stimulation of the utricular otoliths during head movement results in a behavioral response called the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). The VOR is a compensatory eye rotation that serves to maintain a stable image during movement. VOR is characterized by gain (ratio of eye amplitude to head amplitude) and phase shift (temporal synchrony). We hypothesized that elevated pCO 2 would increase OS and affect the VOR. We found that the sagittae and lapilli of young larvae reared at 2500 µatm pCO 2 (treatment) were 14 to 20% and 37 to 39% larger in area, respectively, than those of larvae reared at 400 µatm pCO 2 (control). The mean gain of treatment larvae (0.39 ± 0.05, n = 28) was not statistically different from that of control larvae (0.30 ± 0.03, n = 20), although there was a tendency for treatment larvae to have a larger gain. Phase shift was unchanged. Our lack of detection of a significant effect of elevated pCO 2 on the VOR may be a result of the low turbulence conditions of the experiments, large natural variation in otolith size, calibration of the VOR or mechanism of acid−base regulation of white seabass larvae.

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