“…Based on previous results ( [36] and references cited therein) that showed a sodium concentration in the cortical extracellular space similar to that in blood plasma, we estimated from our measurements (TSC of 60 mmol/L) an extracellular volume fraction of ∼40% in this region. This value is in accord with results obtained in cortical slices of 30% to 50% [37,38].…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 94%
“…The tissue sodium concentration that measures the average sodium content per voxel depends, therefore, on the sodium osmolarity in each of the above-mentioned compartments and on its corresponding volume fraction. Hence, the increase in the TSC in the outer and inner medulla reflected both an actual increase in sodium concentration and an increase in tissue volume fractions containing high sodium concentrations [37].…”
Quantitative assessment of the renal corticomedullary sodium gradient by high resolution sodium MRI may help verify new aspects of the kidney concentrating mechanism and serve as a non-invasive diagnostic method of renal function.
“…Based on previous results ( [36] and references cited therein) that showed a sodium concentration in the cortical extracellular space similar to that in blood plasma, we estimated from our measurements (TSC of 60 mmol/L) an extracellular volume fraction of ∼40% in this region. This value is in accord with results obtained in cortical slices of 30% to 50% [37,38].…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 94%
“…The tissue sodium concentration that measures the average sodium content per voxel depends, therefore, on the sodium osmolarity in each of the above-mentioned compartments and on its corresponding volume fraction. Hence, the increase in the TSC in the outer and inner medulla reflected both an actual increase in sodium concentration and an increase in tissue volume fractions containing high sodium concentrations [37].…”
Quantitative assessment of the renal corticomedullary sodium gradient by high resolution sodium MRI may help verify new aspects of the kidney concentrating mechanism and serve as a non-invasive diagnostic method of renal function.
“…Even if signal averaging with short TRs is used to compensate for the low SNR ( T 1 is relatively short), the imaging time is still longer than that required for proton imaging. Nevertheless, the kidney is clearly observed in sodium images of the abdomen due to the extensive extracellular volume in this organ (the extracellular concentration of sodium is 145 mM) (28, 29), as well as the marked increase in the medullary extracellular sodium concentration due to the countercurrent mechanism (Ref 1. and references therein).…”
The sodium concentration gradient in the kidney (from the cortex to the medulla) serves to regulate fluid homeostasis and is tightly coupled to renal function. It was previously shown that renal function and pathophysiology can be characterized in rat kidneys by measuring the sodium gradient with 23 Na MRI. This study demonstrates for the first time the ability of 23 Na MRI to map the distribution of sodium in the human kidney and to quantify the corticomedullary sodium gradient. The study was performed on a 3T Signa LX scanner (GE) using an in-house-built quadrature surface coil.
“…After this prespontaneously immortalized while cultured in the meincubation the cells were completely equilibrated with dium described below and had typical characteristics of 3 H 2 O. Sorbitol transport measurement started with the inner medullary renal interstitial cells. For instance, they addition of 14 C-sorbitol (Amersham Buchler, Braunwere extensively branched and contained lipid droplets. schweig, Germany) to the cell solution.…”
Section: Medulla Although Low Sorbitol Dehydrogenase Activitymentioning
Our results show a new sorbitol transport system in renal inner medullary interstitial cells, which is rather different from the described sorbitol permease in renal epithelial cells and from glucose transporters of the GLUT- and SGLT-family.
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