The Yolk Sac Abnormalities, Maternal Serum Level of Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125) and Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (B-HCG) as an Early Predictors of First Trimester Pregnancy Loss in Patients with Threatened Miscarriage: Review Article

Abstract

Background: Miscarriage is defined as the loss of a pregnancy before to the twenty-week mark or of a foetus weighing fewer than five hundred grams prior to viability. In between 15-25% of pregnancies, the mother has a threatened miscarriage. It is associated with anxiety in the mother, family, and the physicians. More than 50% of pregnancies with threatened abortions end in pregnancy loss. Its fate can be predicted using a plethora of biological markers. However, there is currently no convincing biochemical marker utilized before sonographic diagnosis is confirmed, which may take several weeks to distinct between normal and abnormal pregnancy. Objective: This article aimed to determine how accurately cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) as well as beta HCG levels in the mother's blood may predict a miscarriage. Methods: We searched Science Direct, Google Scholar as well as PubMed for relevant articles on Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125), Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (B-HCG), First Trimester Pregnancy Loss and Threatened Miscarriage. Only the most recent study was taken into account between 1988 and 2022. Documents written in languages other than English have been ignored due to a lack of translation funds. Unpublished works, oral presentations, conference abstracts, and dissertations were generally agreed upon not to qualify as scientific research. Conclusion: Blood CA 125 levels are a sensitive as well as specific predictor of loss of pregnancy in cases of threatened abortion because of their low cost, ease of availability, as well as lack of inconvenience