Theoretical investigation on structures, stability and properties of [P, X, Y] (X=C, Si; Y = O, S) isomers

Li, Shaochen; Chen, Wei; Yu, Gao; Huang, Xuri; Sun, Chia‐Chung

doi:10.1080/00268976.2012.724184

Cited by 156 publications

(220 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In our previous work [24], we've shown that the transformation thermotics can be generalized by introducing the nonlinear effect of temperature-dependent thermal conductivities.…”

Section: Jacobian Of Eq (3) Into Eq (2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So far, the steady-state thermal cloak [8] and its theoretical extensions [9,10] have been experimentally realized or developed [11][12][13][14][15]. Meanwhile, researchers also designed a lot of thermal metamaterials with novel thermal characteristics beyond cloaking [9][10][11][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24], such as concentrators [10,11,16]. The concentrator helps to focus heat flux in a particular region, and thus yields a higher temperature gradient inside the region, which can be used to improve the efficiency for thermal-to-electrical conversion (the Seebeck effect [25,26]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reason is that within the framework of transformation thermotics (or thermodynamics as also named by some other famous scholars) [8,10], the property of thermal metamaterials can influence the temperature field, but not vice versa due to temperature-independent thermal conductivities under consideration. Evidently, it becomes necessary to develop the theory of nonlinear transformation thermotics [24], which takes into account the fact that many materials have a temperature-dependent thermal conductivity. This theory suggests that new function can be introduced into thermal metamaterials by using a temperature-dependent transformation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal cloak-concentrator

Shen

Jiang

et al. 2016

Applied Physics Letters

127

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How to macroscopically control the flow of heat at will is up to now a challenge, which, however, is very important for human life since heat flow is a ubiquitous phenomenon in nature. Inspired by intelligent electronic components or intelligent materials, here we demonstrate, analytically and numerically, a unique class of intelligent bifunctional thermal metamaterials called thermal cloakconcentrators, which can automatically change from a cloak (concentrator) to a concentrator (cloak) when the applied temperature field decreases (increases). For future experimental realization, the behavior is also confirmed by assembling homogeneous isotropic materials according to the effective medium theory. The underlying mechanism originates from the effect of nonlinearity in thermal conduction. This work not only makes it possible to achieve a switchable Seebeck effect, but also offers guidance both for macroscopic manipulation of heat flow at will and for the design of similar intelligent multifunctional metamaterials in

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“…In our previous work [24], we've shown that the transformation thermotics can be generalized by introducing the nonlinear effect of temperature-dependent thermal conductivities.…”

Section: Jacobian Of Eq (3) Into Eq (2)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal cloak-concentrator

Shen

Jiang

et al. 2016

Applied Physics Letters

127

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“…Hard carbon is known to reversibly store sodium ions within its structure at a low voltage of < 1.0 V (vs. Na + /Na 0 ). [11,12] Figure 3 a shows the voltage profiles during the first cycle with a half-cell of Na/carbon. A 28 % irreversible capacity between charge and discharge was observed during the first cycle, which has been previously explained by the formation of a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer at the surface of the hard carbon.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rechargeable Seawater Battery and Its Electrochemical Mechanism

et al. 2014

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Herein, we explore the electrochemical mechanism of a novel rechargeable seawater battery system that uses seawater as the cathode material. Sodium is harvested from seawater while charging the battery, and the harvested sodium is discharged with oxygen dissolved in the seawater, functioning as oxidants to produce electricity. The seawater provides both anode (Na metal) and cathode (O 2 ) materials for the proposed battery. Based on the discharge voltage (~2.9 V) with participation of O 2 and the charge voltage (~4.1 V) with Cl 2 evolution during the first cycle, a voltage efficiency of about 73 % is obtained. If the seawater battery is constructed using hard carbon as the anode and a Na super ion conductor as the solid electrolyte, a strong cycle performance of 84 % is observed after 40 cycles.The requirements for energy-storage systems are vastly different from those for consumer electronics or electric vehicles (EVs) and vary widely depending on factors such as installation size and location. This makes it difficult for one type of battery systems to become a predominant solution satisfying all the requirements. Instead, a reasonable and practical strategy is to respond to diverse requirements of each application with various alternative battery systems considering the characteristics of each option. For example, while an advanced Li-ion battery, which has a high volumetric energy density, would be a right choice for the energy storage in densely populated areas considering its high volumetric energy density, other bulky but cheaper systems could become more competitive in remote areas where the size of systems can be easily expanded. Therefore, it is important to build a strong portfolio of novel battery systems to provide optimum solutions.The development of novel configurations of battery cells, such as Li-Air, [1] Li-liquid, [2] Na-air, [3] and Li-polysulfide batteries, [4] has been made possible by combinations of multi-phase electrolyte/electrode components such as liquid/solid electrolytes and liquid/solid/liquid (or gas) electrodes. Based on these battery designs, various interesting combinations of electrochemical reaction couples are being suggested and tested that were not previously considered due to the limitations of conventional battery cell design. Recently, we investigated the feasibility of a novel rechargeable battery system using seawater as an electrode material. [5] As the most abundant resource on Earth, seawater contains various chemical species released from the Earth's crust and living organisms. Examples of the major chemical constituents of seawater are sodium (Na) (~0.46 m) and chlorides (~0.54 m).[6] Detailed information on the chemical constituents of seawater is shown in Figure 1 a. Accordingly, we constructed a novel rechargeable battery cell that uses seawater and its chemical constituents as anode/cathode materials. The configuration of the seawater battery, composed of Na/non-aqueous liquid/solid electrolyte/seawater, is shown in Figure 1 b and Figure 1 c. 1 m NaClO 4 in et...

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“…[35] For the sake of tackling this issue, employing biomass resources to synthesize carbon materials is an available and convenient strategy. [36][37][38][39][40] Biomass materials can exhibit multilevel, multidimensional, and hierarchical porous structures, which can be reserved in the derived carbons and are favorable for the penetration of electrolytes and ion diffusion. [41] During synthesis, they can be used as their own templates, which solves many problems (e.g., the complicated processes, long periods, expensive raw materials, and pollution involved using other materials) caused by adopting artificial templates.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Derived from Pine Needles as a Na⁺‐Storage Electrode Material in Dual‐Ion Batteries

Wang

Zheng

et al. 2017

Global Challenges

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electrodes. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24] Among the large family of cations, lithium acts as the lightest charge carrier in nonaqueous electrolyte systems. However, lithium has to face its unfortunate fate of being a limited resource in the world. Hence, sodium has received increased attention as an alternative choice mainly because of its abundance and its similar physical and chemical properties to lithium. [25][26][27] Therefore, the application of a Na + -based organic electrolyte may be a valuable strategy for the development of DIBs in the future. It is noteworthy that the state-of-the-art positive electrode materials based on sodium storage can deliver capacity values generally less than 150 mAh g −1 in potential ranges lower than 4 V versus Na/Na + . [28,29] Thus, the excellence of positive graphite electrodes will become more competitive in sodium-based DIBs.For DIBs, in contrast with the increased number of reports about anion intercalation within graphite, [30][31][32] the investigations of anodes are insufficient. In theory, anode active materials with distinguished Na + storage capacities in the low potential range can match the performance of positive graphite electrodes. Carbon materials should be a promising candidate for this task considering the safety of the devices they are utilized in, the availability of raw materials, and other factors. [33] Lu and co-workers have reported that soft carbon is a highperformance anode material for sodium-based DIBs. [34] Based on the above, we predicted that hard carbon and graphite will also become an appropriate couple. Nevertheless, researchers are plagued by the high production cost and complex synthesis procedures for synthesizing hard carbon. [35] For the sake of tackling this issue, employing biomass resources to synthesize carbon materials is an available and convenient strategy. [36][37][38][39][40] Biomass materials can exhibit multilevel, multidimensional, and hierarchical porous structures, which can be reserved in the derived carbons and are favorable for the penetration of electrolytes and ion diffusion. [41] During synthesis, they can be used as their own templates, which solves many problems (e.g., the complicated processes, long periods, expensive raw materials, and pollution involved using other materials) caused by adopting artificial templates. [42][43][44] In addition, natural biomaterials contain heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, boron, and phosphorous, that can provide extra active sites for Na + storage. In this paper, we synthesized hard carbon by simply calcining pine needles without activation ( Figure S1, Supporting information). Dried pine needles contain crude protein, fat, fiber, and various sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose, and sucrose), [45] which are all carbon sources. Moreover, pine needles are slender. The Pine needles are used as the precursor material to prepare hard carbon. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and N 2 adsorption-desorption tests are carried out to characterize the surface, crystal, and pore...

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Theoretical investigation on structures, stability and properties of [P, X, Y] (X=C, Si; Y = O, S) isomers

Cited by 156 publications

References 30 publications

Thermal cloak-concentrator

Thermal cloak-concentrator

Rechargeable Seawater Battery and Its Electrochemical Mechanism

Carbon Derived from Pine Needles as a Na⁺‐Storage Electrode Material in Dual‐Ion Batteries

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Theoretical investigation on structures, stability and properties of [P, X, Y] (X=C, Si; Y = O, S) isomers

Cited by 156 publications

References 30 publications

Thermal cloak-concentrator

Thermal cloak-concentrator

Rechargeable Seawater Battery and Its Electrochemical Mechanism

Carbon Derived from Pine Needles as a Na+‐Storage Electrode Material in Dual‐Ion Batteries

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Carbon Derived from Pine Needles as a Na⁺‐Storage Electrode Material in Dual‐Ion Batteries