“…Common applications of PTFs are composed of surface acoustic wave devices [6,7], non-volatile random access memory devices [8,9], infrared sensors [10,11], optical waveguide modulators [12,13], and nanogenerators for energy harvesting [14,15]. In addition, most PTFs are complex ceramic thin films exhibiting complex stoichiometry, co-existence of multiple phases, and various domain morphology, which greatly contribute to functional properties, such as piezoelectricity, dielectricity, and ferroelectricity [16,17]. Therefore, PTFs have drawn great attention from both electronic engineering and materials engineering communities.…”