Therapeutic and Improving Function of Lactobacilli in the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular-Related Diseases: A Novel Perspective From Gut Microbiota

Abstract

The occurrence and development of cardiovascular-related diseases are associated with structural and functional changes in gut microbiota (GM). The accumulation of beneficial gut commensals contributes to the improvement of cardiovascular-related diseases. The cardiovascular-related diseases that can be relieved by Lactobacillus supplementation, including hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, heart failure, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity, have expanded. As probiotics, lactobacilli occupy a substantial part of the GM and play important functional roles through various GM-derived metabolites. Lactobacilli ultimately have a beneficial impact on lipid metabolism, inflammatory factors, and oxidative stress to relieve the symptoms of cardiovascular-related diseases. However, the axis and cellular process of gut commensal Lactobacillus in improving cardiovascular-related diseases have not been fully elucidated. Additionally, Lactobacillus strains produce diverse antimicrobial peptides, which help maintain intestinal homeostasis and ameliorate cardiovascular-related diseases. These strains are a field that needs to be further investigated immediately. Thus, this review demonstrated the mechanisms and summarized the evidence of the benefit of Lactobacillus strain supplementation from animal studies and human clinical trials. We also highlighted a broad range of lactobacilli candidates with therapeutic capability by mining their metabolites. Our study provides instruction in the development of lactobacilli as a functional food to improve cardiovascular-related diseases.

Gut microbiome and human health: Exploring how the probiotic genus Lactobacillus modulate immune responses

“…Intestinal Lactobacillus colonies exert protective effect on the heart by regulating atheroinflammatory response, cholesterol metabolism, oxidative stress response, and gut-derived functional metabolites production such as TMAO, SCFAs, LPS, and BA ( Companys et al, 2021 ; Papadopoulos et al, 2022 ). Of note, researchers also support that lactobacillus interventions could significantly impart a cardioprotective role by regulating the abundance and diversity of selective gut microbial flora ( Zhao et al, 2021 ). To exemplify, L. salivarius Ls-33 supplementation changed gut microbiota composition by escalating the Prevotella-Bacteroides–Porphyromonas group/Firmicutes ratio in obese heart patients ( Zhao et al, 2021 ).…”

“…Of note, researchers also support that lactobacillus interventions could significantly impart a cardioprotective role by regulating the abundance and diversity of selective gut microbial flora ( Zhao et al, 2021 ). To exemplify, L. salivarius Ls-33 supplementation changed gut microbiota composition by escalating the Prevotella-Bacteroides–Porphyromonas group/Firmicutes ratio in obese heart patients ( Zhao et al, 2021 ).…”

Limosilactobacillus reuteri DS0384 promotes intestinal epithelial maturation via the postbiotic effect in human intestinal organoids and infant mice

“…Limosilactobacillus reuteri is an important resident microflora in the intestines of all vertebrates, including mammals. 34 DS0333 showed a moderate effect on hIO maturation, both on the morphology and marker expression, compared to DS0384, whereas DS0195 and KCTC3594 T showed a weaker effect on hIO maturation ( Figure 1(a–d )), indicating that the intestinal maturation effect of the postbiotic metabolites of L. reuteri is strain-dependent rather than a common characteristic of the respective species. In addition, the active metabolites were detected continually throughout the growth phase and stably concentrated in the culture broth, showing that the intestinal maturation effect of the CFS from DS0384 gradually increased from the exponential to the late stationary phase of growth ( Figure 1(e-h ) and Supplementary Figure S3).…”

Comparison of whole goat milk and its major fractions regarding the modulation of gut microbiota

“…Lactobacillus is generally reported as indicative of healthy microbiota. Related studies indicated that patients with cardiovascular disease or chronic inflammation had fewer proportions of Lactobacillus in the gut 25,26 . Lam et al .…”

“…Related studies indicated that patients with cardiovascular disease or chronic inflammation had fewer proportions of Lactobacillus in the gut. 25,26 Lam et al demonstrated that a diet rich in saturated fat could lead to the development of lipogenic liver, which was associated with a significant decrease in the abundance of Lactobacillus. 27 Goldin et al reported that probiotic Lactobacillus was able to increase the production of antiinflammatory metabolites in the host's intestinal epithelial cells, which contributed to the first line of host defenses against enterovirulent bacteria.…”