Therapeutic tools for oral candidiasis: Current and new antifungal drugs

Abstract

Background: Candidiasis is one of the most common opportunistic oral infections that presents different acute and chronic clinical presentations with diverse diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The present study carries out a bibliographic review on the therapeutic tools available against oral candidiasis and their usefulness in each clinical situation. Material and Methods: Recent studies on treatment of oral candidiasis were retrieved from PubMed and Cochrane Library. Results: Nystatin and miconazole are the most commonly used topical antifungal drugs. Both antifungal drugs are very effective but need a long time of use to eradicate the infection. The pharmacological presentations of miconazole are more comfortable for patients but this drug may interact with other drugs and this fact should be assessed before use. Other topical alternatives for oral candidiasis, such as amphotericin B or clotrimazole, are not available in many countries. Oral fluconazole is effective in treating oral candidiasis that does not respond to topical treatment. Other systemic treatment alternatives, oral or intravenous, less used are itraconazole, voriconazole or posaconazole. Available novelties include echinocandins (anidulafungin, caspofungin) and isavuconazole. Echinocandins can only be used intravenously. Isavuconazole is available for oral and intravenous use. Other hopeful alternatives are new drugs, such as ibrexafungerp, or the use of antibodies, cytokines and antimicrobial peptides. Conclusions: Nystatin, miconazole, and fluconazole are very effective for treating oral candidiasis. There are systemic alternatives for treating recalcitrant infections, such as the new triazoles, echinocandins, or lipidic presentations of amphotericin B.

Green Synthesis of Antileishmanial and Antifungal Silver Nanoparticles Using Corn Cob Xylan as a Reducing and Stabilizing Agent

“…Despite being caused by different pathogens, candidiasis, cryptococcosis, and leishmaniasis all share one major problem, that is, there have been several reports describing the emergence of treatment resistance in all three diseases [ 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Given the prevalence of these diseases and their emerging resistance, there has been a surge in the number of studies focused on developing novel therapeutics against these diseases [ 10 , 11 ], with the development of nanoparticles as a clear frontrunner [ 12 , 13 ].…”

Ellagic Acid–Cyclodextrin Complexes for the Treatment of Oral Candidiasis

“…It should be noted that treatment with nystatin for oral candidiasis can vary from 1 to 4 weeks and there is no consensus on the formulation, dosage, or duration of treatment [ 57 ]. Quindós et al [ 58 ] highlighted that the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) recommends nystatin in doses ranging from 4–6 mL (liquid drug) four times a day, or the administration of 1–2 lozenges, four times a day for 7–14 days for the treatment of mild oral candidiasis. Thus, the dosage of nystatin can vary between 100,000 U to 200,000 U.…”

Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antifungal activity of Lippia Thymoide essential oil in oral pathogens

“…As fungal control, nystatin (Nystatin®) N6261-SIGMA-ALDRICHT was used as a positive control at (1 mg/mL) concentration; as negative control the microorganism culture was evaluated in a sterile medium area. The culture media to be used for analysis were the ABHb, containing polysorbate 80 at 0.5% (m/V) and defibrinated sheep blood 40 .…”