There “ain't no mountain high enough”?: The drivers, diversity and sustainability of China's Rhodiola trade

Cunningham, Anthony B.; Li, H.L.; Luo, Pengshun; Zhao, W.J.; Long, Xingchao; Brinckmann, J.A.

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.112379

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…For instance, the increased use of Rhodiola (紅景天/红景天/ hóng jǐng tiān ; Rhodiola spp.) in TCM—particularly in patented herbal products—over the past several decades have contributed to growing market demand and subsequent pressure on species from unmanaged commercial exploitation of wild stocks (Cunningham et al., 2020). For some species, wild exploitation at the rates required to meet market demand is simply not sustainable because of biological factors (e.g.…”

Section: A Better Understanding Of Tcm: Implications For Conservationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, the founding principle of TCM is that humans are one with nature—good health hinges on finding balance with our environment (Kaptchuk, 2000; Stevenson et al., 2009). Furthermore, it is not in the interests of TCM to severely deplete or drive to extinction any of the medicinal species that it values and utilizes, and the TCM community recognizes the importance of sustainability in ensuring the long‐term future of their medical system and industry (Booker et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2015; Cunningham, Brinckmann, Pei, et al., 2018; Cunningham et al., 2020; Li et al., 2015). Illegal and unsustainable wildlife use is not officially sanctioned by the TCM authorities, and so there should be common ground between TCM stakeholders and conservationists in finding ways forward.…”

Section: A Better Understanding Of Tcm: Implications For Conservationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding Traditional Chinese Medicine to strengthen conservation outcomes

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Section: A Better Understanding Of Tcm: Implications For Conservationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Better Understanding Of Tcm: Implications For Conservationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Traditional Chinese Medicine to strengthen conservation outcomes

et al. 2020

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“…In recent decades, the importance of plant-derived drugs has risen significantly, which has caused a marked increase in inquiry into wild species. One popular plant is Rhodiola rosea L. (golden root, roseroot; synonym Sedum roseum (L.) Scop., Crassulaceae family), a medicinal species with a disjunct distribution in Eurasia and known as a medical remedy [ 1 ]. The roots and rhizome of R. rosea are the source of numerous metabolites, like acyclic alcohol derivatives, benzyl glucosides, phenols, hydroxycinnamates, gallotannins, flavonoids, catechins, procyanidins, and terpenes [ 2 ], with a diversity of bioactivities as antioxidant [ 3 ], anticancer [ 4 ], antidiabetic [ 5 ], antidepressant, neuroprotective [ 6 ], anti-inflammatory [ 7 ], and adaptogenic [ 8 ] agents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LC-MS Profile, Gastrointestinal and Gut Microbiota Stability and Antioxidant Activity of Rhodiola rosea Herb Metabolites: A Comparative Study with Subterranean Organs

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Golden root (Rhodiola rosea L., Crassulaceae) is a famous medical plant with a one-sided history of scientific interest in the roots and rhizomes as sources of bioactive compounds, unlike the herb, which has not been studied extensively. To address this deficiency, we used high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array and electrospray triple quadrupole mass detection for comparative qualitative and quantitative analysis of the metabolic profiles of Rhodiola rosea organs before and after gastrointestinal digestion in simulated conditions together with various biochemical assays to determine antioxidant properties of the extracts and selected compounds. R. rosea organs showed 146 compounds, including galloyl O-glucosides, catechins, procyanidins, simple phenolics, phenethyl alcohol derivatives, (hydroxy)cinnamates, hydroxynitrile glucosides, monoterpene O-glucosides, and flavonol O-glycosides, most of them for the first time in the species. The organ-specific distribution of compounds found for catechins, procyanidins, and cinnamyl alcohols and glucosides was typical for underground organs and flavonoids and galloylated glucoses concentrated in the herb. Extracts from rhizomes, leaves and flowers showed high phenolic content and were effective scavengers of free radicals (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+), O2•−, •OH) and protected β-carotene in a bleaching assay. Digestion in the gastric and intestine phase influenced the composition of R. rosea extracts negatively, affecting the content of catechins, procyanidins, and galloyl glucoses, and therefore, the antioxidativity level. After gut microbiota treatment, the antioxidant capacity of rhizome extract was lower than leaves and flowers due to the aglycone composition found in the colonic phase of digestion. Our study demonstrated that the herb of R. rosea is a rich source of metabolites with high antioxidant properties and could be a valuable plant for new bioactive products.

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“…This implies that the total phenol content of extracts might closely correlate with the antibacterial activity. From these results, it could be inferred that the antibacterial properties of the crude extracts from R. crenulata might confirm its popular use of treating diarrhea and scald [ 34 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytochemical, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity Evaluation of Rhodiola crenulata

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The chemical components, as well as the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil (EO) and crude extracts prepared from Rhodiola crenulata were investigated. The essential oil was separated by hydrodistillation, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify its constituents. A total of twenty-seven compounds was identified from the EO, and its major components were 1-octanol (42.217%), geraniol (19.914%), and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol (13.151%). Solvent extraction and fractionation were applied for preparing the ethanol extract (crude extract, CE), petroleum ether extract (PE), ethyl acetate extract (EE), n-butanol extract (BE), and water extract (WE). The CE, EE and BE were abundant in phenols and flavonoids, and EE had the highest total phenol and total flavonoid contents. Gallic acid, ethyl gallate, rosavin and herbacetin were identified in the EE. The antibacterial activity results showed that the EO exhibited moderate inhibitory activity to the typical clinic bacteria, and EE exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity among the five extracts. For the compounds, ethyl gallate showed the strongest inhibitory activity to the test bacteria, and its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value for all the tested bacteria was 0.24 mg/mL and 0.48 mg/mL, respectively. The results of antioxidant activity showed that both CE and EE exhibited strong antioxidant activities in the DPPH radical scavenging and Fe2+ reducing power tests, however, EO showed relatively weaker antioxidant ability. Ethyl gallate and rosavin exhibited excellent activity in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, and their IC50 value was 5.3 µg/mL and 5.9 µg/mL, respectively. Rosavin showed better reduction power activity than the other three compounds. These results could provide more evidence for the traditional use of R. crenulata, and would be helpful for improving its application further.

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There “ain't no mountain high enough”?: The drivers, diversity and sustainability of China's Rhodiola trade

Cited by 21 publications

References 45 publications

Understanding Traditional Chinese Medicine to strengthen conservation outcomes

Understanding Traditional Chinese Medicine to strengthen conservation outcomes

LC-MS Profile, Gastrointestinal and Gut Microbiota Stability and Antioxidant Activity of Rhodiola rosea Herb Metabolites: A Comparative Study with Subterranean Organs

Phytochemical, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity Evaluation of Rhodiola crenulata

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