Thermal body patterns for healthy Brazilian adults (male and female)

Abstract

Thermal body patterns for healthy Brazilian adults (male and female), Journal of Thermal Biology, http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j.jtherbio.2014.02.020 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. A B S T R A C TThe aim of this study was to establish the skin temperature (T sk ) thermal profile for the Brazilian population and to compare the differences between female and male Brazilian adults. A total of 117 female and 103 male were examined with a thermographic camera. The T sk of 24 body regions of interest (ROI) were recorded and analyzed. Male T sk results were compared to female and 10 ROI were evaluated with respect to the opposite side of the body (right vs. left) to identify the existence of significant contralateral T sk differences (ΔT sk ). When compared right to left, the largest contralateral ΔT sk was 0.3 °C. The female vs. male analysis yielded significant differences (p <0.05) in 13 of the 24 ROI. Thigh regions, both ventral and dorsal, had the highest ΔT sk by sex (≈ 1.0 °C). T sk percentile below P 5 or P 10 and over P 9o or P 95 may be used to characterize hypothermia and hyperthermia states, respectively. Thermal patterns and T sk tables 2 were established for Brazilian adult men and women for each ROI. There is a low T sk variation between sides of the body and gender differences were only significant for some ROIs. Keywords: Infrared thermographySkin temperature Thermal symmetry Brazilian profile HighlightsEstablishing a standard thermographic profile is crucial for an appropriate interpretation.Standardization of the protocols leads to obtain comparable results.Gender seems to be a determining factor for the skin temperature of the thigh, calf and dorsal arm.We suggest the value of 0.5 °C as a normal limit for contralateral ΔT sk.

Considerations for the measurement of core, skin and mean body temperatures

“…Instead, the inner canthus of the eye (junction of upper and lower eyelids) provides the closest, surface approximation of deep-body temperature among resting (Barnes, 1967;Ring, 2007), but not exercising individuals (Teunissen and Daanen, 2011). Other potential sites for this approximation include the navel (Barnes, 1967;Olesen and Fanger, 1973) and the lower occiput, neck and upper-thoracic vertebrae (Olesen and Fanger, 1973;Zaproudina et al, 2008;Marins et al, 2014), or regions where body segments are naturally apposed (axilla, groin: Barnes, 1967;Ilsley et al, 1983;Darowski et al, 1991;Childs et al, 1999).…”

“…That variability is location dependent, both among (Benedict et al, 1919;DuBois, 1941;Olesen and Fanger, 1973;Werner and Reents, 1980;Webb, 1992;Niu et al, 2001;Zaproudina et al, 2008 [Fig. 12]; Marins et al, 2014) and within sites (Pennes, 1948;Livingstone et al, 1987;Frim et al, 1990). It is also time and bodycomposition dependent (Hardy, 1934b;Frim et al, 1990;Chudecka et al, 2014), as the temperatures of the shell tissues are largely dictated by thermal exchanges between the body core and surrounding environment (Bedford and Warner, 1934;Snellen, 1966;Psikuta et al, 2014).…”

“…12: Aldrich, 1928;Hardy, 1934a;Pennes, 1948;Nakayama et al, 1977Nakayama et al, , 1981Livingstone et al, 1987;Torii et al, 1992;Vallerand et al, 1992b;Choi et al, 1997;Zaproudina et al, 2008;Costello et al, 2012;Fournet et al, 2013;Marins et al, 2014). Unfortunately, this technique cannot be used to determine skin temperatures under clothing without significant modification.…”

Evolution of Skin Temperature after the Application of Compressive Forces on Tendon, Muscle and Myofascial Trigger Point

“…However, reliable figures that correspond to skin temperature depend on the equipment used [2], the analysis method for the infrared images [4], and the experimental conditions in which the examination is performed, such as room temperature, time of acclimatization and intake of thermogenic substances [4,12,19,20]. In this context, the present study stands out in the literature for aiming to identify possible influences of compressive forces on skin temperature.…”

Circadian and gender differences in skin temperature in militaries by thermography

“…The IRT has also been widely used in monitoring orthopedic injuries [26,27], with a potential military use for evaluating amputated limbs [28], as it can provide critical information during recovery processes. Finally, during military physical training, IRT has been proposed as a method for preventing injuries by trying to avoid side-to-side T sk differences higher than 0.5 °C [29,30].…”