Thermal decomposition, combustion and flame‐retardancy of epoxy resins—a review of the recent literature

Levchik, Sergei V.; Weil, Edward D.

doi:10.1002/pi.1473

Cited by 519 publications

(337 citation statements)

References 125 publications

(146 reference statements)

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“…This can be attributed to the intense charring of the matrix, combined with the increased strength of the FR composites compared to the neat FR matrix, so that the charred residue was fixed at the top of the sample, further protecting the virgin polymer from the flame. The results confirm the earlier defined general rule of the necessity of at least 2% P to reach V-0 [30,31]. The application of 30 mass% untreated fabric as reinforcement decreased the overall P-content of the FR composite below 2 mass%, so the UL-94 rating was only V-1 in this case.…”

Section: Loi and Ul-94supporting

confidence: 88%

Development of natural fibre reinforced flame retarded epoxy resin composites

Szolnoki

Bocz

Sóti

et al. 2015

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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Natural hemp fabric reinforced epoxy resin composites were prepared in flame retarded form.Fabrics were treated in three ways: the first method involved the immersion of preheated fabric into cold phosphoric acid solution (allowing penetration into the capillaries of the fibres) and subsequent neutralization, the second way was a reactive modification carried out with an aminosilane-type coupling agent, while the third treatment combined the sol-gel surface coating with the first method. The introduction of P-content into the reinforcing fibres resulted in decreased flammability of not only the hemp fabrics, but also of the flame retardancy of epoxy composites, comprising it changed advantageously. By applying aminetype phosphorus-containing curing agent (TEDAP) in combination with the treated fabrics, V-0 UL-94 rating was achieved. Composites of unexpectedly improved static and dynamic mechanical properties could be prepared only when the simple phosphorous fibre treatment and reactive flame retardancy was combined. . This problem can be solved or moderated by using flame retarded biofibres combined with matrix containing flame retardant additive, by which way the polymer concentration of the matrix and thus its strength can maintained [16,17,18].In this work the idea of flame retarded reinforcement was adapted to epoxy resin composites, by combining it with P-containing crosslinking agent as reactive flame retardant in the matrix.Hemp fabrics were selected for forming flame retarded reinforcement and a P-containing amine [19,20] was applied as curing agent in the FR matrix composites. Materials and methods MaterialsThe epoxy Fabric treatmentTwill woven hemp fabrics (HF) were washed with water to remove dust and impurities and then dried in oven at 70 °C for 12 h. The fibres were treated in three ways in order to render them flame retardant. In the first case, the so-called thermotex procedure [21] was applied.The high-temperature treatment of the fabrics allows better absorption of the treating solution to the capillaries of the fabric. For this purpose, the fabrics were preheated at 120 °C for 2 h, and then immersed in cold 17 mass% phosphoric acid solution for 5 min. The ratio of fabric to phosphoric acid solution was 1 g to 10 ml. As the acid may induce long-term degradation in cellulose fibre structure, it was neutralized by immersing the fabrics in 5% ammonium hydroxide solution. The excess of the treating and neutralizing solutions were removed by pressing the fabrics by a foulard. After treatment, the fabrics were dried in air. The amount of the absorbed phosphorus was determined by the mass increase of the treated fibres and by elemental analysis using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (see section 2.3.3). The mass increase of the THF fibres was 8 mass%, which means the absorption of 1.7 mass% of P (1.65 mass% by elemental analysis).In the other case, sol-gel treatment of the fabrics was carried out using Geniosil GF-9 aminetype silane. The fabrics were immersed in 10 mass% toluene solution...

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Section: Loi and Ul-94supporting

confidence: 88%

Development of natural fibre reinforced flame retarded epoxy resin composites

Szolnoki

Bocz

Sóti

et al. 2015

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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“…Based on the TG and TG-FTIR results and according to the literature, [24][25][26] the decomposition of EP is sketched in Figure 6. The initial polymer nonchain scission occurs via dehydration reaction of the secondary alcohol in the cured resin structure, leading to the formation of H 2 O and vinylene ethers (a).…”

Section: Decomposition Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic fire retardancy in layered-silicate nanocomposite combined with low-melting phenysiloxane glass

Schartel

et al. 2011

Journal of Fire Sciences

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Tetraphenyl phosphonium-modified layered silicate (LS) and low-melting phenylsiloxane glass (G) are combined for more efficient halogen-free flame retardancy in epoxy resin (EP_LSG). Particularly, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) is decreased (by up to 60%), but levels off at additive concentrations !10 wt%. The performance of EP_LSG is compared to EP_LS and EP_G assuming an absolute and a relative flame retardancy effect, respectively, and based on the same amount of each filler and, alternatively, with EP_G containing the same overall amount of filler. EP_LSG behaves close to superposition but shows a strong tendency toward synergism due to a superior structural integrity of the fire residues. Apart from LS, adding G in particular is a promising approach when its content is 5 wt%, as is LSG for !10 wt%.

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“…The second stage of weight loss (320-550 °C), according to Levchik et al [30] is related to the presence of allylic ethers formed by the amine or ester bonds from the dehydration of the secondary alcohol present in the structure of the epoxy. Because the degradation phenomena occur in a heterogeneous manner and simultaneously form, the chain scission gives rise to several products, such as combustible gases, allylic alcohol, acetone and various hydrocarbons [31,32] .…”

Section: Thermal Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of the Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane n-Phenylaminopropyl - POSS in the Thermal Stability and the Glass Transition Temperature of Epoxy Resin

2013

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Abstract:In this study, epoxy nanocomposites containing different fractions of n-phenylaminopropyl (POSS) were prepared. The nanocomposites were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), gel content, dynamicmechanical analysis (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The parameters for Avrami's equation were calculated from the degradation curves. The dispersions used to form the nanocomposites were effective above 5 wt % of POSS, and the gel content increased with the addition of POSS. The DMA analysis exhibited an increase in the storage modulus (E') and a shifting of T g to higher temperatures upon POSS incorporation. The weight loss indicated that the POSS promoted an increase in thermal stability of the epoxy resin. The Avrami parameters demonstrated that the addition of POSS decreased the Avrami constant (k'), increased the half-life (t 1/2 ) of degradation and promoted changes in the Avrami exponent (n). These results suggest that the increase in the glass transition temperature and thermal stability depend on the reactive groups in the POSS nanoparticles.

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Thermal decomposition, combustion and flame‐retardancy of epoxy resins—a review of the recent literature

Cited by 519 publications

References 125 publications

Development of natural fibre reinforced flame retarded epoxy resin composites

Development of natural fibre reinforced flame retarded epoxy resin composites

Synergistic fire retardancy in layered-silicate nanocomposite combined with low-melting phenysiloxane glass

Influence of the Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane n-Phenylaminopropyl - POSS in the Thermal Stability and the Glass Transition Temperature of Epoxy Resin

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