Thermal insulation performance and char formation and degradation mechanisms of boron-containing hydrocarbon intumescent coatings

Wang, Xueting; Weinell, Claus Erik; Ring, Louise; Kiil, Søren

doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2021.103369

Cited by 14 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Previous studies employed gypsum boards, vermiculite, mineral or glass wool, or calcium silicate of various thicknesses. 7,15,24,27,35,49,50 Others decided to not use thermal insulation on the uncoated steel surface. 32,51 The few studies discussing heat loss from uncoated surface indicate however that such effects can be substantial, both for the intumescent coating expansion as well as modelling results.…”

Section: Sample Insulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides the mentioned key ingredients, the employed additives (e.g., boron compounds, TiO 2 , CaCO 3 , etc.) can have a substantial influence on the coating performance 8,22–24 . A full assessment of the coating performance requires additional experiments with varying coating thicknesses and potentially substrate section factors (i.e., ratio of heated surface area and steel volume) 25–29 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An example of an electric furnaces is the STT Mufu + to expose intumescent coatings to cellulosic fire temperature–time curves 5,6,38 . Another is the furnace from the Hempel Found Coatings Science and Technology Centre (CoaST) at DTU, Denmark, to expose a sample to 1093°C within 5 min according to the UL 1709 hydrocarbon fire standard 7,8,15,24 . A small scale hydrocarbon fired furnace was developed at Unité Matériaux et Transformations (UMET) at the University of Lille, France, to test samples according to the UL 1709 temperature–time curve 10,11,21 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…can have a substantial influence on the coating performance. 8,[22][23][24] A full assessment of the coating performance requires additional experiments with varying coating thicknesses and potentially substrate section factors (i.e., ratio of heated surface area and steel volume). [25][26][27][28][29] It is obvious that the number of potential experiments during intumescent coating research is huge and that industrial scale furnaces are not feasible for this task.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5,6,38 Another is the furnace from the Hempel Found Coatings Science and Technology Centre (CoaST) at DTU, Denmark, to expose a sample to 1093 C within 5 min according to the UL 1709 hydrocarbon fire standard. 7,8,15,24 A small scale hydrocarbon fired furnace was developed at Unité Matériaux et Transformations (UMET) at the University of Lille, France, to test samples according to the UL 1709 temperature-time curve. 10,11,21 However, all previously reported furnaces have the drawback that once an experiment finished, cooling of the furnace is required before the next test can commence.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The CoaST‐Fire: A novel methodology to rapidly expose materials to various fire curves

et al. 2022

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A new method for testing materials under simulated fire conditions is introduced.The fundamentally new approach relies on the movement of the sample through zones with a spatially increasing temperature. Adjusting the velocity profile with which the sample is moved makes it possible to expose it to practically any temperature-time curve defined in fire safety standards, from extremely rapid hydrocarbon to more gradual cellulosic fire conditions. This manuscript presents a prototype named CoaST-Fire that capitalises on this concept by combining a vertical tube furnace with a vertical motion system. The methodology to calibrate the furnace temperature profile, as well as to calculate the velocity profiles are discussed. The velocity profiles are then used to replicate a range of temperature-time curves with exceptional accuracy and reproducibility. A numerical model is developed in COMSOL Multiphysics to study heat fluxes towards the steel substrate as a function of time and thermal insulation. Finally, proof-of-concept experiments with two commercial intumescent coatings are presented. The experiments are shown to be highly repeatable while images of the coatings during the experiments can provide additional insights into the occurring reaction steps. Furthermore, CoaST-Fire makes it possible to conduct experiments under various O 2 concentrations and could later be extended with a gas outlet analysis system. The study is in line with recent efforts to develop cheaper and more rapid testing methods for early research and development of intumescent coatings and the setup could potentially also be used to test other types of materials.

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Section: Sample Insulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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The CoaST‐Fire: A novel methodology to rapidly expose materials to various fire curves

et al. 2022

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Optimization of thermal degradation performance of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride)‐boron composite films using response surface methodology

Çiğdem

Demir

2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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This work aims to statistically assess the dehydrochlorination of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (p‐PVC) films produced using boron waste sludge, heat stabilizer mixture (Ca‐ZnSt2), and plasticizer (dioctyl terephthalate). This study also focuses on providing information about the effect of boron waste sludge (BSW), heat stabilizer, and plasticizer amounts on the degradation of the films to enhance the thermal stability of flexible p‐PVC formulations. Experiments were designed using the Box‐Wilson method. The polyene formation and discoloration caused by the degradation were measured by UV spectroscopy and colorimetry, respectively. These parameters were optimized using the response surface methodology. An analysis of variance was performed to assess statistically significant differences between the parameters on p‐PVC degradation by using the Design Expert 13 statistical program. The yellowness index and amount of polyene formed differed among the films, and the film prepared at the midpoint of all parameters was determined to have greater stabilizing efficiency than the others. In this study, an effort has been made to shed light on the improvements in thermal stability in PVC. Results will serve to protect the environment via the data provided to the producers. The use of boron waste will contribute to the environment and the economy.

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Thermo‐mechanical performance of wolframite mineral reinforced siloxane‐modified epoxy‐based intumescent coating for structural steel

Lee,

Ahmad,

Karuppanan

et al. 2024

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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This study investigated the effects of wolframite on the fire resistance and adhesion strength of intumescent fire‐retardant coating (IFRC) using a siloxane‐modified epoxy binder. The modification of bisphenol A epoxy was confirmed via Hydrogen‐Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis. The IFRC samples were developed with wolframite (0.25–2.0 wt%) and evaluated for Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), fire resistance test, furnace fire test for char expansion, morphology and chemical composition, adhesion test and water immersion test. This study identified a coating formulation containing 2.0 wt% of wolframite that showed 57.2% improvement in the residual weight, substrate temperature of 176.7°C and produced a compact char. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy showed that the addition of wolframite reduced pore size thereby increasing the char strength. X‐ray diffraction identified iron neodymium compounds in the char layers, which lowered the pore size resulting in lower substrate temperature. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that the antioxidant capability and the carbon content were increased by 6.9% and 50.3% respectively. The adhesion strength was reduced, however, was within the industrial standards of 2.07 MPa. The water immersion test showed a maximum 66.7% reduction (WF2.0) in the water permeation through the coating.

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Thermal insulation performance and char formation and degradation mechanisms of boron-containing hydrocarbon intumescent coatings

Cited by 14 publications

References 45 publications

The CoaST‐Fire: A novel methodology to rapidly expose materials to various fire curves

The CoaST‐Fire: A novel methodology to rapidly expose materials to various fire curves

Optimization of thermal degradation performance of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride)‐boron composite films using response surface methodology

Thermo‐mechanical performance of wolframite mineral reinforced siloxane‐modified epoxy‐based intumescent coating for structural steel

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