Thermal modification of chicken eggshell as heterogeneous catalyst for palm kernel biodiesel production in an optimization process

Ajala, E. O.; Ajala, M. A.; Odetoye, T. E.; Aderibigbe, Fatai Alade; Osanyinpeju, Hammed Olalekan; Ayanshola, AM

doi:10.1007/s13399-020-00636-x

Cited by 32 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Based on the related literature, metal oxides are often applied in biodiesel production at transesterification reaction of triglycerides to biodiesel [7][8]. CaO is a cheap and abundant [9] heterogeneous base catalyst with a significant quantity and efficiency in biodiesel applications [10].…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Characterization of CaO Limestone from Lintau Buo Supported by TiO<sub>2</sub> as a Heterogeneous Catalyst in the Production of Biodiesel

et al. 2021

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Biodiesel constitutes an alternative to diesel fuel, developing a base catalyst in cost efficiency and reducing the impact on the environment due to toxic waste and excessive chemicals. This study employed a mixture of an oxide catalyst, CaO/TiO2, which was ably synthesized as a heterogeneous catalyst to convert waste frying oil (WFO) into biodiesel. Heterogeneous catalysts have been characterized by XRD, FT-IR, TEM, SEM-EDX, and BET to identify their crystal type, morphology, composition, and surface area. Catalytic activity was affected by the amount, oil/methanol ratio, reaction temperature, and duration. A 94% biodiesel yield was achieved by optimizing the following reaction parameters: 5wt.%, 6:1 methanol: oil, 65 °C, for 4 h. The addition of TiO2 to CaO improves the catalyst stability and transforms the reactants into products. The structure and characteristics of TiO2 maintained stability and supported CaO well. Its repeated biodiesel fuel production demonstrated the catalyst stability from WFO throughout the transesterification reaction.

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Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Characterization of CaO Limestone from Lintau Buo Supported by TiO<sub>2</sub> as a Heterogeneous Catalyst in the Production of Biodiesel

et al. 2021

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“…Investigations have revealed that chicken eggshells which hitherto have been considered as dumpsite waste can be recovered, reused, and regenerated to enhance their applications. Various researchers have experimented with the utilization of chicken eggshells as an environmentally friendly catalyst for transesterification reactions with good and encouraging outcomes [10,11,12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The techniques adopted for the modification of the chicken eggshell were boiling and calcination. Calcination stimulates catalyst generation and modification by way of the enhancement of key catalytic fingerprints and other performance criteria including basic/acidic site densities, surface area, pore volume, molecular and crystalline structure [11,13,14]. The present study aimed to modify and characterize chicken eggshells to gain more insight into the behavior of chicken eggshells when subjected to various characterization techniques.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modification and characterization of chicken eggshell for possible catalytic applications

Awogbemi

Inambao

Onuh

2020

Heliyon

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Researchers have shown considerable interest in finding a sustainable, low cost, and readily available substitute for the commercial calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst. In this work, raw chicken eggshell was modified by boiling and calcination at 900 C for 3 h. The x-ray diffraction characterization revealed that while the proportion of CaCO 3 in the raw and boiled samples was found to be 79.3 % and 99.2 % respectively, the CaCO 3 had been converted to 63.8 % CaO and CO 2 in the calcined sample. This was due to the thermal decomposition during calcination. The outcome of the infrared spectroscopy showed that the raw and boiled chicken eggshell presented a similar absorption profile with peaks at 1 394 cm À1 , 873 cm À1 , and 712 cm À1 , which were as a result of the presence of asymmetric stretch, out-of-plane bend, and in-plane bend vibration modes. The major peaks presented by the calcined sample at 3642 cm À1 can be attributed to the OAH stretching vibration and bending hydroxyl groups present in Ca(OH) 2 . The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface areas for the raw, boiled and calcined chicken eggshell were found to be 2.33 m 2 /g, 3.26 m 2 /g, and 4.6 m 2 /g respectively, indicating increased catalytic activity of the calcined sample. Overall, boiling was found to have a negligible effect on the chicken eggshell, while hightemperature calcination greatly affected the pore size, surface area, composition, and thermal decomposition profile of the chicken eggshell sample.

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“…The most common catalysts employed in the production of biodiesel at the industrial scale are soluble alkaline catalysts, typically NaOH and KOH as they have demonstrated high catalytic activities [127], resulting in a less energy-intensive and faster process. For example, a reaction time of 1 to 2 h can achieve a high yield of more than 90% with sufficient qualitative feedstock and appropriate reaction conditions [128][129][130]. There is additional benefit of less methanol-to-oil ratio utilization during the reaction, which will make the entire reaction process low cost.…”

Section: Homogeneous Base Catalysts For Biodiesel Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Short Review on Catalyst, Feedstock, Modernised Process, Current State and Challenges on Biodiesel Production

et al. 2021

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Biodiesel, comprising mono alkyl fatty acid esters or methyl ethyl esters, is an encouraging option to fossil fuels or diesel produced from petroleum; it has comparable characteristics and its use has the potential to diminish carbon dioxide production and greenhouse gas emissions. Manufactured from recyclable and sustainable feedstocks, e.g., oils originating from vegetation, biodiesel has biodegradable properties and has no toxic impact on ecosystems. The evolution of biodiesel has been precipitated by the continuing environmental damage created by the deployment of fossil fuels. Biodiesel is predominantly synthesised via transesterification and esterification procedures. These involve a number of key constituents, i.e., the feedstock and catalytic agent, the proportion of methanol to oil, the circumstances of the reaction and the product segregation and purification processes. Elements that influence the yield and standard of the obtained biodiesel encompass the form and quantity of the feedstock and reaction catalyst, the proportion of alcohol to feedstock, the temperature of the reaction, and its duration. Contemporary research has evaluated the output of biodiesel reactors in terms of energy production and timely biodiesel manufacture. In order to synthesise biodiesel for industrial use efficaciously, it is essential to acknowledge the technological advances that have significant potential in this sector. The current paper therefore offers a review of contemporary progress, feedstock categorisation, and catalytic agents for the manufacture of biodiesel and production reactors, together with modernised processing techniques. The production reactor, form of catalyst, methods of synthesis, and feedstock standards are additionally subjects of discourse so as to detail a comprehensive setting pertaining to the chemical process. Numerous studies are ongoing in order to develop increasingly efficacious techniques for biodiesel manufacture; these acknowledge the use of solid catalytic agents and non-catalytic supercritical events. This review appraises the contemporary situation with respect to biodiesel production in a range of contexts. The spectrum of techniques for the efficacious manufacture of biodiesel encompasses production catalysed by homogeneous or heterogeneous enzymes or promoted by microwave or ultrasonic technologies. A description of the difficulties to be surmounted going forward in the sector is presented.

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Thermal modification of chicken eggshell as heterogeneous catalyst for palm kernel biodiesel production in an optimization process

Cited by 32 publications

References 30 publications

Synthesis and Characterization of CaO Limestone from Lintau Buo Supported by TiO<sub>2</sub> as a Heterogeneous Catalyst in the Production of Biodiesel

Synthesis and Characterization of CaO Limestone from Lintau Buo Supported by TiO<sub>2</sub> as a Heterogeneous Catalyst in the Production of Biodiesel

Modification and characterization of chicken eggshell for possible catalytic applications

A Short Review on Catalyst, Feedstock, Modernised Process, Current State and Challenges on Biodiesel Production

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