Thermal properties and fire behavior of polyethylene with a mixture of copper phosphate and melamine phosphate as a novel flame retardant

Sałasińska, Kamila; Mizera, Kamila; Celiński, Maciej; Kozikowski, Paweł; Borucka, Monika; Gajek, Agnieszka

doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103137

Cited by 31 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…However, because of the oxygen conditions, as well as the small weight of samples, the yield of char in both cases was relatively small, and no linear dependencies resulting from the share of FR were observed. Similar observations, describing the thermal stability of polymers modified by the newly developed flame retardant assessed based on TG analysis under aerobic conditions, can be found in the literature [ 34 ]. It can be concluded that the presence of histidine and modified graphene oxide led to the quicker start of the PU’s decomposition than APP; however, the created char was characterized by a lower intensity of decomposition (better thermo-oxidative stability).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 78%

Burning Behaviour of Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Histidine and Modified Graphene Oxide

et al. 2021

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Since rigid polyurethane (PU) foams are one of the most effective thermal insulation materials with widespread application, it is an urgent requirement to improve its fire retardancy and reduce the smoke emission. The current work assessed the fire behavior of PU foam with non-halogen fire retardants system, containing histidine (H) and modified graphene oxide (GOA). For investigated system, three loadings (10, 20, and 30 wt.%) were used. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis, cone calorimetry (CC) and smoke density chamber tests as well as pre- and post-burning morphological evaluation using scanning electron microscope (SEM) were performed. Moreover, TGA combined with FT-IR was conducted to determine the substances, which could be evolved during the thermal decomposition of the PU with fire retardant system. The results indicated a reduction in heat release rate (HRR), maximum average rate of heat emission (MAHRE), the total heat release (THR) as well as the total smoke release (TSR), and maximum specific optical density (Dsmax) compared to the polyurethane with commercial fire retardant, namely ammonium polyphosphate (APP). A significantly improvement, especially in smoke suppression, suggested that HGOA system may be a candidate as a fire retardant to reduce the flammability of PU foams.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 78%

Burning Behaviour of Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Histidine and Modified Graphene Oxide

et al. 2021

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“…The first mechanism shows that the diazole particle detaches from the In Figure 11, the representative peaks of unsaturated polyester resins are prominent in regions of around: 4000-3500 cm −1 (H 2 O), 3100-2700 cm −1 (CH, hydrocarbons), 2400-2300 cm −1 (CO 2 ), 2200-2100 cm −1 (CO), 1870-1800 cm −1 , 911-909 cm −1 (anhydride), 1800-1700 cm −1 (C=O, carbonyl compounds), 1600-1400 cm −1 (C=C, aromatic compounds), 1265 cm −1 and 1102 cm −1 (C-O-C, ester groups). Based on the spectra analysis of UP/LHP, no occurrence of new peaks was noted, which could indicate that substances other than those released during thermal decomposition of UP were emitted [33]. Only material UP/30APP small absorption peaks in the wavenumber 965 and 930 cm −1 , connected with the NH 3 from APP, are observed.…”

Section: Fire Retardant Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 93%

Moisture Resistance, Thermal Stability and Fire Behavior of Unsaturated Polyester Resin Modified with L-histidinium Dihydrogen Phosphate-Phosphoric Acid

et al. 2021

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In this paper, the fire behavior of unsaturated polyester resin (UP) modified with L-histidinium dihydrogen phosphate-phosphoric acid (LHP), being a novel intumescent fire retardant (IFR), was investigated. Thermal and thermomechanical properties of the UP with different amounts of LHP (from 10 to 30 wt. %) were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TG) as well as dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Reaction to small flames was studied by horizontal burning (HB) test, while fire behavior and smoke emission were investigated with the cone calorimeter (CC) and smoke density chamber. Further, the analysis of volatile products was conducted (TGA/FT-IR). It was observed that the addition of LHP resulted in the formation of carbonaceous char inhibiting the thermal decomposition, burning rate and smoke emission. The most promising results were obtained for the UP containing 30 wt. % of LHP, for which the highest reduction in maximum values of heat release rate (200 kW/m2) and total smoke release (3535 m2/m2) compared to unmodified polymer (792 kW/m2 and 6895 m2/m2) were recorded. However, some important disadvantage with respect to water resistance was observed.

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“…Moreover, MLM can form salts with high thermal stability and strong acids. Salasinksa et al [4] evaluated the effect of incorporating copper phosphate and melamine phosphate (CUMP) into HDPE as a FR compound and compared it with HDPE/APP. The fire property of HDPE containing CUMP was carried out by CCT.…”

Section: Phosphorous and Melaminementioning

confidence: 99%

“…To better the performance of the aforementioned applications, polymers need to be more environmentally friendly, safe, and durable [3]. The utilization of polymers is encouraged due to good functionality, acceptable durability, and cost-efficiency; however, high flammability, and poor thermal properties are noticeable limitations for their applicability [4]. Most polymers are flammable and, by exposure to enough energy, they will leave a considerable amount of smoke and heat [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Flame Retardancy of Polyethylene Composites: From Fundamental Concepts to Nanocomposites

et al. 2020

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Polyethylene (PE) is one the most used plastics worldwide for a wide range of applications due to its good mechanical and chemical resistance, low density, cost efficiency, ease of processability, non-reactivity, low toxicity, good electric insulation, and good functionality. However, its high flammability and rapid flame spread pose dangers for certain applications. Therefore, different flame-retardant (FR) additives are incorporated into PE to increase its flame retardancy. In this review article, research papers from the past 10 years on the flame retardancy of PE systems are comprehensively reviewed and classified based on the additive sources. The FR additives are classified in well-known FR families, including phosphorous, melamine, nitrogen, inorganic hydroxides, boron, and silicon. The mechanism of fire retardance in each family is pinpointed. In addition to the efficiency of each FR in increasing the flame retardancy, its impact on the mechanical properties of the PE system is also discussed. Most of the FRs can decrease the heat release rate (HRR) of the PE products and simultaneously maintains the mechanical properties in appropriate ratios. Based on the literature, inorganic hydroxide seems to be used more in PE systems compared to other families. Finally, the role of nanotechnology for more efficient FR-PE systems is discussed and recommendations are given on implementing strategies that could help incorporate flame retardancy in the circular economy model.

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Thermal properties and fire behavior of polyethylene with a mixture of copper phosphate and melamine phosphate as a novel flame retardant

Cited by 31 publications

References 34 publications

Burning Behaviour of Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Histidine and Modified Graphene Oxide

Burning Behaviour of Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Histidine and Modified Graphene Oxide

Moisture Resistance, Thermal Stability and Fire Behavior of Unsaturated Polyester Resin Modified with L-histidinium Dihydrogen Phosphate-Phosphoric Acid

The Flame Retardancy of Polyethylene Composites: From Fundamental Concepts to Nanocomposites

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