Thermodynamically Stable Functionalization of Microporous Aromatic Frameworks with Sulfonic Acid Groups by Inserting Methylene Spacers

Abstract

Porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) are an auspicious class of materials that allow for the introduction of sulfonic acid groups at the aromatic core units by post-synthetic modification. This makes PAFs promising for proton-exchange materials. However, the limited thermal stability of sulfonic acid groups attached to aromatic cores prevents high-temperature applications. Here, we present a framework based on PAF-303 where the acid groups were added as methylene sulfonic acid side chains in a two-step post-synthetic route (SMPAF-303) via the intermediate chloromethylene PAF (ClMPAF-303). Elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to characterize both frameworks and corroborate the successful attachment of the side chains. The resulting framework SMPAF-303 features high thermal stability and an ion-exchange capacity of about 1.7 mequiv g−1. The proton conductivity depends strongly on the adsorbed water level. It reaches from about 10−7 S cm−1 for 33% RH to about 10−1 S cm−1 for 100% RH. We attribute the strong change to a locally alternating polarity of the inner surfaces. The latter introduces bottleneck effects for the water molecule and oxonium ion diffusion at lower relative humidities, due to electrolyte clustering. When the pores are completely filled with water, these bottlenecks vanish, leading to an unhindered electrolyte diffusion through the framework, explaining the conductivity rise.