Thermodynamics and Thermoelectricity

Goupil, Christophe; Ouerdane, Henni; Zabrocki, Knud; Seifert, W.; Hinsche, N. F.; Müller, Eckhard

doi:10.1002/9783527338405.ch1

Cited by 21 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 197 publications

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“…Yet, Landau Brought to you by | Georgetown University Authenticated Download Date | 8/16/15 9:32 AM and Lifshitz proposed to name ∇̃ / "electric eld" with the notation = −∇ (see [34]). In modern presentations [27,45], it is common to use, quite often without declaring it [2,18,26,43], the symbol and the term electric eld to refer to the gradient ∇̃ / . Other authors state that, since the gradient of the chemical potential =̃ + cannot be observed in real experiments, it can be considered that = −∇ = (∇̃ − ∇ )/ is equivalent to ∇̃ / (see [46]).…”

Section: General Form Of the Transport Equationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where * e = − Π/ = − is the transported entropy of the electrons [27,30,45]; this transported entropy introduced by J. N. Agar is di erent from that de ned by E. D. Eastman [19]. In [45], the two terms in the right-hand side of (14) are interpreted, respectively, as conductive and convective contributions to the total heat ux density; presumably, because * e n is related to the ux of electrons.…”

Section: General Form Of the Transport Equationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In [45], the two terms in the right-hand side of (14) are interpreted, respectively, as conductive and convective contributions to the total heat ux density; presumably, because * e n is related to the ux of electrons. However, convection refers to macroscopic motion of the volume elements or mass of the system, and not to the relative motion of one of its components [19,42], and the adjective convective is not recommended for * e n .…”

Section: General Form Of the Transport Equationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This has also been named short-circuit thermal conductivity [27] and (not very fortunately) interpreted as a sum of the conductive, , and convective, 2 , contributions [45]. It is related to the thermoelectric gure of merit as…”

Section: General Form Of the Transport Equationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The energy conservation requires that ∇ ⋅ E = 0. Taking the divergence of (20), and using (12), it is concluded that [26,30,45,49] …”

Section: General Form Of the Transport Equationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

On the different formalisms for the transport equations of thermoelectricity: A review

Manzanares

Jokinen

Cervera

2015

Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics

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Researchers in thermoelectricity with backgrounds in non-equilibrium thermodynamics, thermoelectric engineering or condensed-matter physics tend to use di erent choices of ux densities and generalized forces. These choices are seldom justi ed from either the dissipation function or the entropy production rate. Because thermoelectric phenomena are a primary focus in several emerging elds, particularly in recent energy-oriented developments, a review of the di erent formalisms employed is judged timely. A systematic classi cation of the transport equations is presented here. The requirements on valid transport equations imposed by the invariance of the entropy production are clearly explained. The e ective Peltier and Seebeck coe cients, and the thermal conductivity, corresponding to the di erent choices of ux densities and generalized forces, are identi ed. Emphasis is made on illustrating the compatibility of apparently disparate formalisms. The advantages and drawbacks of these formalisms are discussed, especially from the point of view of the experimental determination of their thermoelectric coe cients.

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Section: General Form Of the Transport Equationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: General Form Of the Transport Equationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: General Form Of the Transport Equationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: General Form Of the Transport Equationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The energy conservation requires that ∇ ⋅ E = 0. Taking the divergence of (20), and using (12), it is concluded that [26,30,45,49] …”

Section: General Form Of the Transport Equationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

On the different formalisms for the transport equations of thermoelectricity: A review

Manzanares

Jokinen

Cervera

2015

Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics

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Thermoelectric conversion of waste heat from IC engine-driven vehicles: A review of its application, issues, and solutions

Patowary

Baruah

2018

Int J Energy Res

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Summary Thermoelectric generator (TEG) is a promising thermoelectric (TE) conversion technology to effectively recover and convert waste heat from vehicle exhaust into useful energy, ie, electricity. Exhaust TEG (ETEG) is a system that is incorporated into the exhaust manifold of a vehicle. Exhaust TEG comprises of a heat exchanger, TEG modules, heat sink, and power conditioning unit. The present work reviews different vehicular ETEGs based on engine type, engine‐rated power, type and number of TEG module, efficiency of ETEG and TEG, exhaust and coolant temperature, and power output of ETEG. In addition to these, the technical issues faced in these ETEGs are addressed under 2 categories, viz., primary (TEG with low ZT TE material and inefficient heat exchanger and heat sink) and secondary issues (low operating temperature TEG modules and installation position of ETEG). In addition to it, effects of vibration and thermal cycling of exhaust system on TEG modules that may arise in ETEG are also discussed. A review of preventive solutions to the issues is also presented. Finally, the economic aspects of an ETEG are also discussed. The review highlights the need of commercialization of TE materials with ZT > 2, high‐temperature operating range, and segmented TEG modules in large volumes so that their practice can be extended in vehicular applications. Heat exchanger modeling using computational fluid dynamics and interfacing with heat transfer theory is essential to maintain temperature uniformity across the TEG modules. Installation of ETEG in the exhaust pipe should be such that it does not affect the performance of the engine. It is also realized that sturdy TEG modules should be developed for long‐term operation to prevent degradation due to mechanical vibration and thermal cycling of the vehicle. Further, ETEG is economically beneficial in vehicles such as trucks owing to availability of high thermal energy in their exhaust stream.

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Derivation of generalized thermoelectric energy equations and the study of thermoelectric irreversible processes based on energy, exergy, and entransy analysis

Xiao

2023

Energy Science & Engineering

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Thermoelectric (TE) generation is becoming a valuable and promising research direction. Many researchers have carried out system analysis and performance optimization of thermoelectric technologies based on the generalized thermoelectric energy balance equations. However, it is assumed that TE legs have no heat exchange with the ambient except at the junctions of the hot and cold ends where heat flows in and out. Based on basic thermoelectric effects and fundamental theories of heat transfer, a detailed derivation of the revised generalized thermoelectric energy equations considering convective heat transfer between TE legs and the ambient has been carried out. Irreversible heat transfer processes have been analyzed by employing energy analysis based on the first law of thermodynamics and exergy analysis based on the second law of thermodynamics. The results show that convective heat transfer leads to a decrease in both energy and exergy efficiencies: the rate and magnitude of the decrease in exergy efficiency are greater than those of the decrease in energy efficiency. The exergy efficiency is relatively high despite the low energy efficiency in operation, revealing the features and advantages of thermoelectric generators (TEGs) in low‐grade energy utilization. For TEG efficient operation, the load resistance value should match the system's internal resistance, or at least be greater than that, to avoid a sharp drop in power output and efficiencies. In an attempt at theoretical analysis, the concept of entransy was first introduced into thermoelectric analysis, yielding two concise relational equations which reflect the intrinsic link between Carnot cycle efficiency, energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, and entransy flow transfer efficiency. The entransy analysis based on the index of entransy flow transfer efficiency, together with energy analysis and exergy analysis, may be a novel and valuable guideline for the operation and optimization of TEGs, which needs to be further investigated.

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Thermodynamics and Thermoelectricity

Cited by 21 publications

References 197 publications

On the different formalisms for the transport equations of thermoelectricity: A review

On the different formalisms for the transport equations of thermoelectricity: A review

Thermoelectric conversion of waste heat from IC engine-driven vehicles: A review of its application, issues, and solutions

Derivation of generalized thermoelectric energy equations and the study of thermoelectric irreversible processes based on energy, exergy, and entransy analysis

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