Thermodynamics of electromechanically coupled mixed ionic-electronic conductors: Deformation potential, Vegard strains, and flexoelectric effect

Morozovska, Anna N.; Eliseev, Eugene A.; Tagantsev, A. K.; Bravina, S. L.; Chen, Lei; Kalinin, Sergei V.

doi:10.1103/physrevb.83.195313

Cited by 112 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 90 publications

(129 reference statements)

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“…258 Subsequently, the model was extended to include both migration transport [259][260][261] and electrostrictive effects. 118,262,263 Finally, it was shown that ESM mechanism can be present even in the absence of a surface reaction. In this case, the redistribution of ionic species within the material creates an electrochemical dipole, the coupling of which to electrostriction gives rise to electromechanical coupling.…”

Section: B Electrochemical Strain Microscopy (Esm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ferroelectric or non-ferroelectric: Why so many materials exhibit “ferroelectricity” on the nanoscale

Vasudevan

Balke

Maksymovych

et al. 2017

Applied Physics Reviews

270

206

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Ferroelectric materials have remained one of the foci of condensed matter physics and materials science for over 50 years. In the last 20 years, the development of voltage-modulated scanning probe microscopy techniques, exemplified by Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) and associated time-and voltage spectroscopies, opened a pathway to explore these materials on a single-digit nanometer level. Consequently, domain structures, walls and polarization dynamics can now be imaged in real space. More generally, PFM has allowed studying electromechanical coupling in a broad variety of materials ranging from ionics to biological systems. It can also be anticipated that the recent Nobel prize 1 in molecular electromechanical machines will result in rapid growth in interest in PFM as a method to probe their behavior on single device and device assembly levels. However, the broad introduction of PFM also resulted in a growing number of reports on nearly-ubiquitous presence of ferroelectric-like phenomena including remnant polar states and electromechanical hysteresis loops in materials which are non-ferroelectric in the bulk, or in cases where size effects are expected to suppress ferroelectricity. While in certain cases plausible physical mechanisms can be suggested, there is remarkable similarity in observed behaviors, irrespective of the materials system. In this review, we summarize the basic principles of PFM, briefly discuss the features of ferroelectric surfaces salient to PFM imaging and spectroscopy, and summarize existing reports on ferroelectric-like responses in non-classical ferroelectric materials. We further discuss possible mechanisms behind observed behaviors, and possible experimental strategies for their identification.3

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Section: B Electrochemical Strain Microscopy (Esm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ferroelectric or non-ferroelectric: Why so many materials exhibit “ferroelectricity” on the nanoscale

Vasudevan

Balke

Maksymovych

et al. 2017

Applied Physics Reviews

270

206

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“…Let us illustrate, following [74], this manifestation of flexoelectricity in the case of a thin-film parallel-plate leaky capacitor on a thick substrate containing a non-piezoelectric material. For simplicity, the material is considered to be elastically and dielectrically isotropic.…”

Section: Electromechanics Of Moderate Conductorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The continuumtheory analysis incorporating flexoelectricity identified some unexpected manifestations of this phenomenon. For example, the Texas group of Sharma [71][72][73] identified an important role of flexoelectricity in the hardening of ferroelectrics at nano-indentation; Morozovska et al showed that the flexoelectric effect can play an important role in the electromechanical properties of moderate conductors [74].…”

Section: Historical Overview and Outlook Of The Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fundamentals of flexoelectricity in solids

2013

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The flexoelectric effect is the response of electric polarization to a mechanical strain gradient. It can be viewed as a higher-order effect with respect to piezoelectricity, which is the response of polarization to strain itself. However, at the nanoscale, where large strain gradients are expected, the flexoelectric effect becomes appreciable. Besides, in contrast to the piezoelectric effect, flexoelectricity is allowed by symmetry in any material. Due to these qualities flexoelectricity has attracted growing interest during the past decade. Presently, its role in the physics of dielectrics and semiconductors is widely recognized and the effect is viewed as promising for practical applications. On the other hand, the available theoretical and experimental results are rather contradictory, attesting to a limited understanding in the field. This review paper presents a critical analysis of the current knowledge on the flexoelectricity in common solids, excluding organic materials and liquid crystals.

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“…shown, for example, that flexoelectric effects should play an important role in the electrotechnical properties of Li-battery materials [122].…”

Section: Mechanical Polarization Switchingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexoelectric Effect in Solids

Zubko

Catalán

Tagantsev

2013

Annu. Rev. Mater. Res.

918

663

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Piezoelectricity-the coupling between strain and electrical polarization, allowed 2 Zubko, Catalan, Tagantsev by symmetry in a restricted class of materials-is at the heart of many devices that permeate our daily life. Since its discovery in the 1880's by Pierre and Jacques Curie, the piezoelectric effect has found use in everything from submarine sonars to cigarette lighters. By contrast, flexoelectricity-the coupling between polarization and strain gradients, allowed by symmetry in all materials-was largely overlooked for decades since its first proposal in the late 1950's, due to the seemingly small magnitude of the effect in bulk. The development of nanoscale technologies, however, has renewed the interest in flexoelectricity, as the large strain gradients often present at the nanoscale can lead to dramatic flexoelectric phenomena. Here we review the fundamentals of the flexoelectric effect, discuss its presence in many nanoscale systems, and look at potential applications of this fascinating phenomenon. The review will also emphasize the many open questions and unresolved issues in this developing field.

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Thermodynamics of electromechanically coupled mixed ionic-electronic conductors: Deformation potential, Vegard strains, and flexoelectric effect

Cited by 112 publications

References 90 publications

Ferroelectric or non-ferroelectric: Why so many materials exhibit “ferroelectricity” on the nanoscale

Ferroelectric or non-ferroelectric: Why so many materials exhibit “ferroelectricity” on the nanoscale

Fundamentals of flexoelectricity in solids

Flexoelectric Effect in Solids

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