THIAMINE BIOSYNTHESIS GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS IN Elaeis guineensis DURING INTERACTIONS WITH Hendersonia toruloidea

Abstract

Figure 1 consists of two separate branches, which is the synthesis of thiazole and pyrimidine moieties. The condensation of pyrimidine and thiazole ring moieties will form thiamine monophosphate, which is then converted to the active form thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). TPP is a cofactor of pyruvate dehydrogenase which participates in the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, synthesis of amino acid such as valine, leucine and isolecucine, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase which is involved in Krebs cycle (Goyer, 2010;Goyer and Haynes, 2011; Tunc-Ozdemir et al., 2009). TPP is also a cofactor for transketolase in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, which plays a role in the production of reactive oxidative species (ROS). Downstream reactions of TPP-dependent of Krebs cycle is the oxidative phosphorylation pathway where electron is generated to synthesise ATP, which is important in energy production in all living organisms. Fundamentally, thiamine forms an indispensable role in proper functioning in plants. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2017DOI: https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr. .2902 218

Possible Roles of Rhizospheric and Endophytic Microbes to Provide a Safe and Affordable Means of Crop Biofortification

“…Oil palms inoculated with H. toruloidea showed increased expressions of key thiamine biosynthesis genes including THI4, THIC, TH1, and TPK for 30 days after the inoculation until they were downregulated [21,22]. Consequently H. toruloidea-inoculated oil palms showed improved vitamin B 1 accumulation in the leaves [21,22].…”

“…In 2017, a detailed study on the microbe-mediated biofortification of vitamin B 1 was first to report on the improvement of thiamine biosynthesis in oil palm seedlings by the introduction of Hendersonia toruloidea, an endophytic fungus that colonizes the cortical cells of the oil palm root [21,22]. Oil palms inoculated with H. toruloidea showed increased expressions of key thiamine biosynthesis genes including THI4, THIC, TH1, and TPK for 30 days after the inoculation until they were downregulated [21,22]. Consequently H. toruloidea-inoculated oil palms showed improved vitamin B 1 accumulation in the leaves [21,22].…”

“…Endophytes are generally known as non-pathogenic microbes that colonize inside plant tissues including roots [140]. For example, as mentioned above, H. toruloidea, is found to be an endophytic fungus of oil palm that colonizes the cortical cells of the oil palm root [21,22]. The beneficial effects of root endophytes on plant growth has been extensively discussed [139].…”

“…In some cases, it was found that the inoculation of microbes induced the expression of micronutrient synthesis-related genes. For example, the inoculation of H. toruloidea into oil palms led to the higher expressions of THI4, THIC, TH1, and TPK, which are related to thiamine synthesis [21,22]. In blackberry, it was shown that the inoculation of P. fluorescens N21.4 led to the increased expressions of several flavonoid biosynthesis genes [15].…”

OIL PALM ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE IN MALAYSIA AND R&D PROGRESS IN 2017 – Review Article

“…Early success of this technology has been realised through the studies of Izzuddin et al (2017) and Ahmadi et al (2017) detailing the potential use of the technology in field. Additionally, as a longterm strategy of controlling the disease through green technologies, we could envisage the potential use of various biocontrol agents in controlling the disease as part of the comprehensive integrated Ganoderma management strategy (Angel et al, 2017;Kamaruddin et al, 2017;Naidu et al, 2017).…”