“…In our investigation, comprehensive high-throughput RNA-Seq analysis identified 296 and 182 differentially expressed genes in the two comparison groups (NC vs. PA and NC vs. L-PA), respectively, with 66 DEGs being common to both groups and showing similar trends. For example, TIGAR, an intrinsic inhibitor of glycolysis [ 35 , 57 ], and ARK1B1, a known activator of the polyol pathway often associated with long-term diabetic complications [ 58 ], as well as the glucose neogenesis-related gene CA5B [ 59 , 60 ], were all significantly decreased after PA and L-PA intervention. Conversely, transcript levels of LCN6, which enhances skeletal muscle mitochondrial function [ 61 , 62 ], increased significantly after intervention.…”