Thinking on Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Reading Interventions: Recommendations for Future Research Directions

Digitizing Non-Invasive Neuromodulation Trials: Scoping Review, Process Mapping, and Recommendations from a Delphi Panel

“…Our initial search yielded 443 references, and 34 articles met the inclusion criteria of our scoping review, including 9 recommendation articles 4,7,22–28 , 10 guidelines 3,8,14,29–35 , 10 critical reviews 36–45 , and 5 expert consensus articles 6,7,35,46,472,48–51 , which were used for elaborating the study questionnaires (Sup. Material - Appendix 8).…”

“…Our initial search yielded 443 references, and 34 articles met the inclusion criteria of our scoping review, including 9 recommendation articles (Bikson et al, 2018a; Deer et al, 2014; Fregni et al, 2015; Fried et al, 2021; Kim et al, 2020; Sandars et al, 2016; Sierawska et al, 2019; Thibaut et al, 2017; Zhang et al, 2019), 10 guidelines (Antal et al, 2017; Bikson et al, 2020; Charvet et al, 2020, 2015; Cruccu et al, 2016; Fregni et al, 2021; Gillick et al, 2018; Lefaucheur et al, 2017; Legatt et al, 2016; Parikh et al, 2016), 10 critical reviews (ALHarbi et al, 2017; Cappon et al, 2016; Godeiro et al, 2021; Lucchiari et al, 2018; Maatoug et al, 2021; McClintock et al, 2019; Sanches et al, 2021; Santos et al, 2021; Shiozawa et al, 2017; Workman et al, 2020), and 5 expert consensus articles (Baptista et al, 2019; Buch et al, 2017; Ekhtiari et al, 2019; Grimaldi et al, 2014; Martelletti et al, 2013), which were used for elaborating the study questionnaires (Sup. Material - Appendix 8).…”

Treating developmental dyslexia using transcranial stimulation combined with a reading stimulation program: A pilot study

“…We should also consider the fact that tDCS is not a focal form of stimulation [32,33] and the current may therefore have dissipated, leading to stimulation of other areas underlying the parieto-occipital region, such as temporal-parietal and temporo-parieto-occipital junctions. According to neuroimaging studies, these areas are under-activated in children with DD and are also important to phonological awareness tasks and, consequently, reading [2,3,31].…”

“…Besides tDCS, one must consider the type of cognitive-linguistic stimulation applied. Few studies have adopted this combination [14,33]. In the present investigation, a generic, multilevel reading stimulation therapy was designed with different skills related to reading learning that are recognized as being deficient in children with DD.…”

“…Additionally, although most studies have applied the anodal electrode over temporo-parietal region, there is no consensus concerning the best placement of electrodes, as the different anodal and cathodal montages employed have achieved different results [14][15][16]. There is also no agreement about the need for and what therapeutic reading stimulation therapies should be used during tDCS [14,15,33].…”