Third joint inter‐agency report on integrated analysis of consumption of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from humans and food‐producing animals in the EU/EEA

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doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6712

Cited by 78 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…However, in the MS-group (including UK) there were statistically significant decreasing trends in colistin resistance in isolates from broilers and turkeys whereas the levels in pigs have increased. The decrease in resistance for poultry agrees with the 69.8% decrease in sales of polymyxins for foodproducing animals in EU in the period 2011-2018, as reported in the ESVAC report (EMA, 2021). This shows that measures taken in individual countries to reduce the use of colistin, and thereby occurrence of resistance, are effective.…”

Section: Resistance To Highest Priority Critically Important Antimicr...supporting

confidence: 82%

“…Data on AMR collected by the EU MSs and compiled in the EUSR on AMR are also used to perform wider analyses, such as the joint report on consumption of antimicrobial agents (AMC) and AMR in animals, food and humans, produced by ECDC, EFSA and EMA, under a One Health approach on a regular basis (JIACRA I, II and III; ECDC, EFSA and EMA, 2015 , 2017 , 2021 ). This report provides evidence‐based analysis of the possible association between AMC and AMR in humans and food‐producing animals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The European Union Summary Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2019–2020

2022

EFS2

132

119

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Data on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food are collected annually by the EU Member States (MSs), jointly analysed by the EFSA and the ECDC and reported in a yearly EU Summary Report. The annual monitoring of AMR in animals and food within the EU is targeted at selected animal species corresponding to the reporting year. The 2020 monitoring specifically focussed on poultry and their derived carcases/meat, while the monitoring performed in 2019 specifically focused on fattening pigs and calves under 1 year of age, as well as their derived carcases/meat. Monitoring and reporting of AMR in 2019–2020 included data regarding Salmonella, Campylobacter and indicator E. coli isolates, as well as data obtained from the specific monitoring of presumptive ESBL‐/AmpC‐/carbapenemase‐producing E. coli isolates. Additionally, some MSs reported voluntary data on the occurrence of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus in animals and food, with some countries also providing data on antimicrobial susceptibility. This report provides an overview of the main findings of the 2019–2020 harmonised AMR monitoring in the main food‐producing animal populations monitored, in carcase/meat samples and in humans. Where available, monitoring data obtained from pigs, calves, broilers, laying hens and turkeys, as well as from carcase/meat samples and humans were combined and compared at the EU level, with particular emphasis on multidrug resistance, complete susceptibility and combined resistance patterns to critically important antimicrobials, as well as Salmonella and E. coli isolates possessing ESBL‐/AmpC‐/carbapenemase phenotypes. The key outcome indicators for AMR in food‐producing animals, such as complete susceptibility to the harmonised panel of antimicrobials in E. coli and the prevalence of ESBL‐/AmpC‐producing E. coli have been specifically analysed over the period 2014–2020.

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Section: Resistance To Highest Priority Critically Important Antimicr...supporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The European Union Summary Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2019–2020

2022

EFS2

132

119

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…According to the first JIACRA report by European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, European Food Safety Authority, and European Medicines Agency (ECDC, EFSA, and EMA) (2015) , antimicrobials were used more for production animals than for humans in 2011 and 2012 in Europe. However, according to the newest JIACRA report, the situation was reversed in 2016 [ European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, European Food Safety Authority, and European Medicines Agency (ECDC, EFSA, and EMA), 2021 ]. Despite increasing efforts to reduce antimicrobial use in the EU, the global trends are concerning.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prudent Antimicrobial Use Is Essential to Prevent the Emergence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Yersinia enterocolitica 4/O:3 Strains in Pigs

et al. 2022

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Yersinia enterocolitica is a psychrotrophic zoonotic foodborne pathogen. Pigs are considered the main reservoir of Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3, which is the most commonly isolated bioserotype in many European countries. Consuming pork contaminated with Y. enterocolitica can be a health threat, and antimicrobial-resistant strains may complicate the treatment of the most severe forms of yersiniosis. We analyzed the antimicrobial resistance of 1,016 pathogenic porcine Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 strains originating from Belgium, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Russia, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Based on available reports, we also compared antimicrobial sales for food production animals in these countries, excluding Russia. Antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined using a broth microdilution method with VetMIC plates for 13 antimicrobial agents: ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftiofur (CTF), chloramphenicol (CHL), ciprofloxacin, florfenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid (NAL), streptomycin (STR), sulfamethoxazole (SME), tetracycline (TET), and trimethoprim (TMP). The antimicrobial resistance of Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 strains varied widely between the countries. Strains resistant to antimicrobial agents other than ampicillin were rare in Estonia, Finland, Latvia, and Russia, with prevalence of 0.7, 0.4, 0, and 8.3%, respectively. The highest prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was found in Spanish and Italian strains, with 98 and 61% of the strains being resistant to at least two antimicrobial agents, respectively. Resistance to at least four antimicrobial agents was found in 34% of Spanish, 19% of Italian, and 7.1% of English strains. Antimicrobial resistance was more common in countries where the total sales of antimicrobials for food production animals are high and orally administered medications are common. Our results indicate that antimicrobials should be used responsibly to treat infections, and parenteral medications should be preferred to orally administered mass medications.

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“…Panel regression techniques have been used, for example, to assess the relationship between vaccination and AMU in Indian states [ 39 ], the relationship between medical staffing and resistance prevalence in Chinese provinces [ 40 , 41 ], the relationship between lab capacity and AMR in European countries [ 42 ]; and the association between animal AMR and AMU, and animal AMR and human AMR, in European countries [ 43 ].…”

Section: Alternative Ways Of Assessing This Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying the Relationship between Antibiotic Use in Food-Producing Animals and Antibiotic Resistance in Humans

et al. 2022

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It is commonly asserted that agricultural production systems must use fewer antibiotics in food-producing animals in order to mitigate the global spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In order to assess the cost-effectiveness of such interventions, especially given the potential trade-off with rural livelihoods, we must quantify more precisely the relationship between food-producing animal antimicrobial use and AMR in humans. Here, we outline and compare methods that can be used to estimate this relationship, calling on key literature in this area. Mechanistic mathematical models have the advantage of being rooted in epidemiological theory, but may struggle to capture relevant non-epidemiological covariates which have an uncertain relationship with human AMR. We advocate greater use of panel regression models which can incorporate these factors in a flexible way, capturing both shape and scale variation. We provide recommendations for future panel regression studies to follow in order to inform cost-effectiveness analyses of AMR containment interventions across the One Health spectrum, which will be key in the age of increasing AMR.

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Third joint inter‐agency report on integrated analysis of consumption of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from humans and food‐producing animals in the EU/EEA

Abstract: Third joint inter-agency report on integrated analysis of consumption of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from humans and foodproducing animals in the EU/EEA

Cited by 78 publications

References 64 publications

The European Union Summary Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2019–2020

The European Union Summary Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2019–2020

Prudent Antimicrobial Use Is Essential to Prevent the Emergence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Yersinia enterocolitica 4/O:3 Strains in Pigs

Quantifying the Relationship between Antibiotic Use in Food-Producing Animals and Antibiotic Resistance in Humans

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