“…Two different techniques have been used more frequently: thoracoscopic esophageal mobilization [7,9,37] and the laparoscopic approach [10,24,39]. No clear advantages have been demonstrated in terms of postoperative morbidity and mortality for the thoracoscopic approach, as compared with thoracotomy [18,34], and in some cases, the mortality has been relevant [37]. In particular, pulmonary complications have not been significantly different.…”