Thoracoscopic surgery for pulmonary metastases after chemotherapy using a tailor-made virtual lung

Abstract

VATS was performed safely in instances of metastasectomy after chemotherapy, and the tailor-made virtual lung assisted in lung orientation during the operation.

Extended, virtual and augmented reality in thoracic surgery: a systematic review

“…Figure 1 illustrated the study selection process. All the studies included were retrospective non-randomized studies, with 8 of them being multicentre (Table 1 ) [ 7–10 , 12 , 16 , 17 , 21 ].…”

“…In total, 9 studies [ 2 , 21–26 ] were included which discussed the intraoperative use of XR, VR and/or AR in a variety of thoracic surgical procedures. The summaries, including methodology and reported outcomes, of these respective studies are presented in Table 3.…”

“…Particularly through the generation of 3D-renderings of the thoracic cavity and lung anatomy using CT scans, XR increases procedural accuracy and surgical confidence through familiarization of the patient’s anatomy ( Figs 2 and 3 ). Hu and Malthaner [ 15 ] describe the benefit of minimizing the predictability aspect in decision-making and reducing the preoperative planning time and workload of surgeons at various levels when viewing virtual 3D-renderings as opposed to conventional 2D CT scans, and the findings of Itano et al [ 2 ] and Akiba et al [ 21 ] further support this in the area of nodal biopsies and metastasectomies, respectively. Two studies describe taking the virtual 3D-renderings a step further to initiate simulations prior to procedures.…”

“…Itano et al [ 2 ], Akiba et al [ 21 ] and Sardari Nia et al [ 22 ] reported that the intraoperative use of VR/AR, in particular dynamic 3D-virtual lungs constructions, enhances the spatial and positional understanding of the patient’s specific anatomy. Sardari Nia et al [ 22 ] additionally pointed out that XR can increase the detection of anatomic variations.…”