Three-Dimensional Graphene Oxide Skeleton Guided Poly(acrylic Acid) Composite Hydrogel Particles with Hierarchical Pore Structure for Hemoperfusion

Abstract

Recently, in order to increase and improve treatment efficacy of hemoperfusion, research and development of novel adsorbents have been paid much attention. Herein, threedimensional (3D) graphene oxide (GO) skeleton guided poly-(acrylic acid) (PAA) composite hydrogel particles (HPs) used for hemoperfusion were prepared by a core−shell template method. The 3D GO skeletons with millimeter-scale were first constructed with the assistance of templates, dissolvable poly(ether sulfone) hollow particles, which were prepared by a phase inversion technique; then, PAA hydrogels were formed and distributed on the surface of the 3D GO skeleton. The obtained HPs showed a special hierarchical pore microstructure, small size, and uniform spherical shape. Compared with pure PAA hydrogels, the swelling ratios of the HPs were significantly restricted, and the porosities were remarkably increased; the compressive stress and the elongation at break were improved at the same time. The hemocompatibility tests, including protein adsorption, hemolysis ratio, complement and contact activation, platelet adhesion, and clotting time, were carried out, and the results indicated that the HPs showed good hemocompatibility. The adsorption results indicated that the HPs exhibited good removal efficiency toward exogenous and endogenous toxins. In general, the suitable physical and mechanical properties and the excellent hemocompatibility and adsorption capacities made the composite hydrogel particle a promising candidate for novel hemoperfusion adsorbents.

Hydrogel adhesive formed via multiple chemical interactions: from persistent wet adhesion to rapid hemostasis

“…26 Consequently, a lower hemolysis rate means fewer broken red blood cells and indicates better blood compatibility. The hemolysis rates of all the tested hydrogels were below the acceptable threshold (i.e., 5%, ASTM F756-2008) after being incubated with red blood cells, 27 indicating that the hydrogels could meet the clinical requirements (Fig. 5a).…”

Urease-Immobilized Magnetic Graphene Oxide as a Safe and Effective Urea Removal Recyclable Nanocatalyst for Blood Purification

“…Clotting times are also investigated to estimate the blood compatibility of materials according to previous studies. , APTT is often used to measure the intrinsic pathway and function of factors such as II, III, V, VIII, and X, whereas PT is used to evaluate the extrinsic pathway. TT is used to measure the conversion time of fibrinogen to fibrin by the thrombin in PPP . As shown in Figure c, the APTT is about 45 s for poor PLT plasma (PPP), and it is prolonged to 98 s after introducing the heparin-mimicking polymer (PAS) onto MGO.…”

“…TT is used to measure the conversion time of fibrinogen to fibrin by the thrombin in PPP. 18 As shown in Figure 3c, the APTT is about 45 s for poor PLT plasma (PPP), and it is prolonged to 98 s after introducing the heparin-mimicking polymer (PAS) onto MGO. This may be attributed to the effect of the heparin-mimicking polymer on the factors which are important for the coagulation process.…”

“…15−17 In addition, the introduction of GO may be useful for other uremic toxins removal. 18 However, as nanosheet-based materials, their poor separability and reusability still need to be improved. Magnetic Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles attract much attention because they exhibit good superparamagnetism and high stability in aqueous solution 19 and can endow the materials with separability and recyclability.…”

“…In addition, graphene-based materials exhibit antioxidant property and enhance free-radical scavenging, which may be helpful to inhibit enzyme inactivation . There are some studies reported to select GO as a support for enzyme immobilization. − In addition, the introduction of GO may be useful for other uremic toxins removal . However, as nanosheet-based materials, their poor separability and reusability still need to be improved.…”