Three-dimensional inter-basin groundwater flow toward a groundwater-fed stream: Identification, partition, and quantification

Understanding hydrological connectivity: an empirical study of river-aquifer interaction across Brazil

“…While the theoretical framework proposed by Toth (1963) has been widely adopted in the literature (e.g., Gleeson et al, 2015;Han et al, 2023), it principally relies on numerical simulations within a specific climate and homogeneous geology. Consequently, over time, researchers have introduced additional factors to enhance the framework and account for a more comprehensive set of conditions (e.g, see Bresciani et al, 2016).…”

“…It is commonly assumed that the entire mass transported in a basin can be captured at the stream outlet of the basin. In other words, it is often assumed that a natural stream in a basin only receives runoff and substances originating within the delimited area of the basin (Fan, 2019;Han et al, 2023). Alternatively, it is assumed that local precipitation in a basin is the sole source of water replenishment under steady-state conditions, forming one of the foundational principles of the well-known Budyko framework (Budyko, 1974), widely used in hydrology (e.g., Li et al, 2013;Troch et al, 2013;Meira Neto et al, 2020).…”