Three‐dimensional Luneburg lens at optical frequencies

Zhao, Yuanyuan; Zhang, Yongliang; Zheng, Mei‐Ling; Dong, Xian‐Zi; Duan, Xuan‐Ming; Zhao, Zongshan

doi:10.1002/lpor.201600051

Cited by 98 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Nevertheless, metamaterial fabrication techniques are now routinely being pushed through the THz regime and towards the optical. This is driven in large part by the opportunities made available by transformation optics design [17]: consider for example the infrared Luneburg lens [18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subwavelength mode profile customization using functional materials

et al. 2017

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An ability to completely customise the mode profile in an electromagnetic waveguide would be a useful ability. Currently, the transverse mode profile in a waveguide might be varied, but this is usually a side effect of design constraints, or for control of dispersion. In contrast, here we show how to control the longitudinal (propagation direction) mode profile on a sub-wavelength scale, but without the need for active solutions such as synthesizing the shape by combining multiple Fourier harmonics. This is done by means of a customised permittivity variation that can be calculated either directly from the desired mode profile, or as inspired by e.g. the range of shapes generated by the Mathieu functions. For applications such as charged particle beam dynamics, requiring field profile shaping in free space, we show that it is possible to achieve this despite the need to cut a channel through the medium.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subwavelength mode profile customization using functional materials

et al. 2017

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“…Two‐photon polymerization (TPP) is a technology that has been commonly used to fabricate various microstructures with high precision for different purposes . In TPP, the point to point scanning mode is used and thus the 3DS at millimeter scale is hard to achieve due to the poor efficiency.…”

Section: Each Layer's Processing Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stepwise Optimized 3D Printing of Arbitrary 3D Structures at Millimeter Scale with High Precision Surface

Yang

Zhao

Zheng

et al. 2019

Macro Materials & Eng

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3D printing based on additive manufacturing has attracted widespread attention in the fields of microbiology and microelectronics due to its advantages of waste reduction, arbitrary manufacturing, and rapid prototyping in potential applications. These techniques can create structures at the centimeter scale, however, there are some limitations in terms of resolution and geometric constraints. Here, a micro–nano 3D printing protocol based on additive manufacturing to achieve the 3D structure (3DS) not only possessing millimeter scale structural dimensions but also nanometer features are proposed. A theory is verified to assist the design and fabrication of the 3DS with millimeter scale and nanometer precision. The structures are predesigned and the scanning strategy is optimized before 3D printing to improve the manufacturing efficiency and precision. A customized 3DS with a height of 2.2 mm is obtained, which is a challenge for the conventional two‐photon polymerization fabrication. Furthermore, a 1.2 mm 3DS with inside scaffold and smooth surface is efficiently achieved within 2.7 h with a nanometer surface roughness by using the proposed stepwise optimized 3D printing process. This study offers a flexible and low‐cost technology to generate highly customizable, precisely controllable 3DS for potential applications in microelectronics and microdevices.

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“…Gradient refractive index (GRIN) metamaterials play an important role among the various types of metamaterials, whose spatial gradient of the refractive index can be introduced by arranging the metamaterial elements with different geometries. It is shown GRIN metamaterials have been used for the realization of Luneburg lenses and Maxwell fish‐eye lenses . Lens, as one of typical applications of the GRIN metamaterials, can transform the cylindrical or spherical waves into plane waves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beam steering by using a gradient refractive index metamaterial planar lens and a gradient phase metasurface planar lens

Liu

Jin

et al. 2018

Micro & Optical Tech Letters

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Metamaterials are composed of periodic or quasi‐periodic subwavelength structures, having electric and/or magnetic responses. Metamaterials can arbitrarily tailor the refractive index by artificially tailoring the unit‐cell geometries and dimensions. Recent years, as the two dimensional equivalent of bulk metamaterials, metasurfaces have caused considerable attentions due to the lower profile and simpler to fabricate than bulk metamaterials. Metasurfaces can impart discontinuities on electromagnetic wavefronts and can achieve the arbitrary transmission phase of the whole period range. Metamaterials and metasurfaces have led to the realizations of novel electromagnetic properties and functionalities through tailoring subwavelength structures and integrating functional materials. In this letter, two planar lenses are respectively proposed to control the beam direction of the horn antenna by using a gradient refractive index (GRIN) metamaterial and a gradient phase (GRPH) metasurface. It is shown that the antenna beam direction can be steered by controlling the refractive index of the GRIN metamaterial or the transmission phase of the GRPH metasurface. The differences between the two planar lenses for controlling the antenna beam are illustrated.

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Three‐dimensional Luneburg lens at optical frequencies

Cited by 98 publications

References 48 publications

Subwavelength mode profile customization using functional materials

Subwavelength mode profile customization using functional materials

Stepwise Optimized 3D Printing of Arbitrary 3D Structures at Millimeter Scale with High Precision Surface

Beam steering by using a gradient refractive index metamaterial planar lens and a gradient phase metasurface planar lens

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