Three-dimensional microfluidic tape-paper-based sensing device for blood total bilirubin measurement in jaundiced neonates

Abstract

More than 60% newborns experience hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice within the initial week after birth due to the accumulation of total bilirubin in blood.

Mimicking Peroxidase-Like Activity of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots (N-CDs) Coupled with a Laminated Three-Dimensional Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Device (Laminated 3D-μPAD) for Smart Sensing of Total Cholesterol from Whole Blood

“…Specifically, this effect involves the deposition of the analyte, indicator, and reaction product at the edge of the reaction zone of the colorimetric evaluation on paper. 54 Subsequently, it resulted in the reduction of the reflective color intensity in the center of the reaction zone. Therefore, 5 min was selected as the optimal incubation time.…”

“…This occurrence could be attributed to an increase in the liquid evaporation rate under higher incubation time, resulting in the “coffee stain effect”. Specifically, this effect involves the deposition of the analyte, indicator, and reaction product at the edge of the reaction zone of the colorimetric evaluation on paper . Subsequently, it resulted in the reduction of the reflective color intensity in the center of the reaction zone.…”

Smartphone-Enabled Paper-Based Hemoglobin Sensor for Extreme Point-of-Care Diagnostics

“…In the gold standard practice, blood hemoglobin is transformed into cyanmethemoglobin using Drabkin's solution for spectrophotometric analysis in hematology analyser 6,7 . Significant efforts have been put forward towards developing low-cost, userfriendly, POC device as a viable alternative to the bulky sophisticated instruments used in conventional laboratories for hematological analysis [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] . In this regard, several techniques such as colorimetric detection using 2,7-diaminofluorene, electrochemical detection, luminescence assays, carbon-dot based fluorescence assays etc.…”

“…However, these methods are not well suited for adaptation in point-of-care (POC) applications. In the gold standard practice, blood hemoglobin is transformed into cyanmethemoglobin using Drabkin’s solution for spectrophotometric analysis in a hematology analyzer. , Significant efforts have been put forward toward developing a low-cost, user-friendly, POC device as a viable alternative to the bulky sophisticated instruments used in conventional laboratories for hematological analysis. − In this regard, several techniques such as colorimetric detection using 2,7-diaminofluorene, electrochemical detection, luminescence assays, carbon-dot-based fluorescence assays, and so on have been explored for developing sensitive and rapid Hgb estimation assays. − In the quest of offering improved sensitivities, many of these approaches, however, bring in prohibitive complexities and auxiliary expenses, limiting on-field applications to a large extent. To circumvent these constraints, a portable scanner-based colorimetric detection of Hgb from dried stain of the blood–Drabkin’s mixer has been reported .…”

Flexible Biosensors Based on Colorimetry, Fluorescence, and Electrochemistry for Point-of-Care Testing

“…In addition, the sensor has an ingenious design with all critical reagents contained on the paper or in the diluent buffer, thus reducing the operation steps by users. Similarly, for the prevention of neonatal jaundice, a tape-paper-based sensing device designed and manufactured by Tan et al, which is able to separate plasma from whole blood samples and measure total bilirubin using a colorimetric diazotization method ( Tan et al, 2020 ). The tape-paper sensing method overcomes non-homogeneous color distribution caused by the deposition of analyte, indicator and reaction product at the edge of the reaction zone, and improves the accuracy of colorimetric evaluation of paper-based analytical equipment.…”