Three-Dimensional Modeling of Electrochemical Performance and Heat Generation of Spirally and Prismatically Wound Lithium-Ion Batteries

McCleary, David Andrew Holmes; Meyers, James F.; Kim, Beomkeun

doi:10.1149/2.023311jes

Cited by 58 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…[10][11][12] Modeling of internal distributions of potential and temperature along the electrodes is quite challenging, since even to calculate only a few cycles, a lot of computational resources are required for fully resolved models. In literature, there are many examples for spatially resolved multi-dimensional modeling approaches, 8,9,[13][14][15][16] which aim at representing the cell's internal behavior in terms of potential, current density, state of charge (SOC) and temperature distribution. Unfortunately, all of these examples lack a detailed, i.e.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation and Measurement of the Current Density Distribution in Lithium-Ion Batteries by a Multi-Tab Cell Approach

Erhard

Oßwald

Keil

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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A single-layered NMC/graphite pouch cell is investigated by means of differential local potential measurements during various operation scenarios. 44 tabs in total allow for a highly resolved potential measurement along the electrodes whilst the single layer configuration guarantees the absence of superimposed thermal gradients. By applying a multi-dimensional model framework to this cell, the current density and SOC distribution are analyzed quantitatively. The study is performed for four C-rates (0.1C, 0.5C, 1C, 2C) at three temperatures (5 • C, 25 • C, 40 • C). The maximum potential drop as well the corresponding SOC deviation are characterized.The results indicate that cell inhomogeneity is positively coupled to temperature, i.e. the lower the temperature, the more uniform the electrodes will be utilized. Within the past decades, demand for lithium-ion batteries in mobile applications has significantly increased. Due to their well proven performance as well as their stability in long-term usage, lithium-ion batteries became the technology of choice for electrochemical energy storage devices.1,2 Still, the specific energy density as well as cycle life are constantly being optimized by either commercializing new active materials, electrolytes and additives or by reducing the fraction of non-active parts within a battery. Often, this corresponds to thicker electrodes or larger form factors leading to capacities of up to 100 Ah per cell. In these large format cells, severe gradients in current density and temperature distribution can occur along the electrode stack, 3-9 which might provoke a performance loss during operation due to inhomogeneous utilization. Also non-properly adapted thermal conditioning can have a crucial impact on the performance of larger cells. [10][11][12] Modeling of internal distributions of potential and temperature along the electrodes is quite challenging, since even to calculate only a few cycles, a lot of computational resources are required for fully resolved models. In literature, there are many examples for spatially resolved multi-dimensional modeling approaches, 8,9,[13][14][15][16] which aim at representing the cell's internal behavior in terms of potential, current density, state of charge (SOC) and temperature distribution. Unfortunately, all of these examples lack a detailed, i.e. spatially resolved experimental validation, which is capable of tracking internal variables instead of measuring the surface temperature at a few spots and considering the overall battery's terminal voltage. Also, only a few examples of direct measurements of the internal current density distribution were published so far. Zhang et al.6,7 built a specific LFP/graphite prototype cell for this purpose. A segmented cathode was used for analyzing the current distribution during discharge at varying C-rates and temperatures. This setup allows for a precise monitoring of the current of each electrode element individually. Large deviations in SOC of up to several percent were identified during the process...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation and Measurement of the Current Density Distribution in Lithium-Ion Batteries by a Multi-Tab Cell Approach

Erhard

Oßwald

Keil

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…They were able to model the effect of the number and positions of tabs on heat generation but again neglected ion transport and current density in the direction parallel to the electrodes. 59 Christensen et al 60 coupled the 1D dualfoil model 34 in a Fluent environment, 61 allowing a fine mesh grid to be used for the temperature simulation while using a coarser mesh for the electrochemical reactions. At each time step, the local temperature was used to determine the behavior of each electrochemical element by using a Newton-Raphson approach to solve for the voltage to achieve the total specified current (with voltage and temperature being the only variable to couple the 1D electrochemical elements).…”

Section: Governing Equationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Simulation and Model Reformulation of Two-Dimensional Electrochemical Thermal Behavior of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Northrop

Pathak

Rife

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Lithium-ion batteries are an important technology to facilitate efficient energy storage and enable a shift from petroleum based energy to more environmentally benign sources. Such systems can be utilized most efficiently if good understanding of performance can be achieved for a range of operating conditions. Mathematical models can be useful to predict battery behavior to allow for optimization of design and control. An analytical solution is ideally preferred to solve the equations of a mathematical model, as it eliminates the error that arises when using numerical techniques and is usually computationally cheap. An analytical solution provides insight into the behavior of the system and also explicitly shows the effects of different parameters on the behavior. However, most engineering models, including the majority of battery models, cannot be solved analytically due to non-linearities in the equations and state dependent transport and kinetic parameters. The numerical method used to solve the system of equations describing a battery operation can have a significant impact on the computational cost of the simulation. In this paper, a model reformulation of the porous electrode pseudo three dimensional (P3D) which significantly reduces the computational cost of lithium ion battery simulation, while maintaining high accuracy, is discussed. This reformulation enables the use of the P3D model into applications that would otherwise be too computationally expensive to justify its use, such as online control, optimization, and parameter estimation. Furthermore, the P3D model has proven to be robust enough to allow for the inclusion of additional physical phenomena as understanding improves. In this paper, the reformulated model is used to allow for more complicated physical phenomena to be considered for study, including thermal effects. There is an increasing societal pressure to utilize alternative energy sources to supplant the high use of fossil fuels. As energy and power demand is continually increasing, both in terms of grid usage and for transportation, there has been more interest in developing renewable energy sources. One problem with renewable energy sources is the intermittent nature and short-term unpredictability of supply of sources such as wind and solar. Thus, in order to match supply and demand, some form of energy storage is required, and lithium-ion battery technologies are one possible solution. Furthermore, electric vehicles are increasing in popularity as the price of liquid fuels generally increase. Lithium-ion batteries are a popular choice for electric vehicles because of their high energy and power density compared to other battery chemistries.The performance of lithium-ion batteries is highly dependent on the conditions at which they are exposed as well as the state of the internal variables. This has led to the development of several mathematical models to simulate battery behavior, ranging from simple empirical-based models or circuit based models 1,2 to computationally expensive mole...

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“…For such studies, threedimensional models that are able to capture the above-mentioned distributions play an important role. The major proposed approach in the literature is to expand the one-dimensional models into the three dimensions by simply combining them [24][25][26][27][28]. This approach is very straightforward, but it may not be physically accurate because of the large number of assumptions involved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Next, the simplified one-dimensional models are expanded to three dimensions using two different approaches. The first one is the general approach reported in the literature [24][25][26][27][28] …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional Multi-Particle Electrochemical Model of LiFePO4 Cells based on a Resistor Network Methodology

Mastali

Samadani

Farhad

et al. 2016

Electrochimica Acta

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Three-Dimensional Modeling of Electrochemical Performance and Heat Generation of Spirally and Prismatically Wound Lithium-Ion Batteries

Cited by 58 publications

References 41 publications

Simulation and Measurement of the Current Density Distribution in Lithium-Ion Batteries by a Multi-Tab Cell Approach

Simulation and Measurement of the Current Density Distribution in Lithium-Ion Batteries by a Multi-Tab Cell Approach

Efficient Simulation and Model Reformulation of Two-Dimensional Electrochemical Thermal Behavior of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Three-dimensional Multi-Particle Electrochemical Model of LiFePO4 Cells based on a Resistor Network Methodology

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