“…The above cases all indicate that sliding failure has become one of the main forms of damage for composite foundations. In response to the above situation, a large number of experts and scholars have conducted a series of research work, including theoretical research [16,17,18,19,20,21], numerical simulation [7,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29], and experimental research [30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39]. In the aforementioned research work, Liu [36] simulated the deformation characteristics and instability sliding state of CFG pile composite foundation in the process of embankment filling through centrifuge tests (Fig.…”