“…Furthermore, with the rapid advance of computer technology and the increasing availability of digital elevation models (DEMs), 2-D models have become increasingly widely used to model flows in floodplains, lakes, rivers, and coastal regions (Hu and Kot, 1997;Mignot et al, 2006;Liang et al, 2007;Sun et al, 2008;El Kadi Abderrezzak et al, 2009;Caviedes-Voullième et al, 2014;An et al, 2015;Bellos and Tsakiris, 2015;Hu et al, 2017;Rollason et al, 2018;Pinos and Timbe, 2019;Haque et al, 2020). 3-D models, which can also represent vertical flows, have recently been used to assess flows in rivers, lakes, and coastal areas (Blumberg and Mellor, 1987;Casulli and Cattani, 1994;Kang and Sotiropoulos, 2012;Marsooli et al, 2016;Rong et al, 2020). However, they have rarely been used for flood hazard assessment because of their complexity, their cost, and the amount of time they require to analyze a large study area (World Bank Group, 2016;Wu and Lin, 2015).…”