Three-Dimensional Visualization of Pulmonary Blood Flow Velocity Profiles in Lambs

Katayama, Hiroshi; Gw, Henry; Cl, Lucas; Ha, Belinda; Ji, Ferreiro; Eg, Frantz; Krzeski, Robert

doi:10.1536/ihj.33.95

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In certain respects, out data correspond to those obtained by other in vivo studies [13,18,[20][21][22][23]. One diameter downstream of the pulmonary valve, a systolic skewed velocity profile with the highest velocities at the inferior to right superior vessel wall was found in all cases during systole.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…The less pronounced rotational phenomena in the present study might have been caused by the smaller number of measuring points used to cover the crosssectional area (41 vs 17 points). Frantz et al [18], Lucas et al [20,22], and Katayama et al [23] found no rotational phenomena. This could have been caused by a lower spatial resolution as their measurements in the main pulmonary artery were carried out along one or two diameters.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Another reason could be the different species (dogs/lambs) used. In an attempt to cover the entire cross-sectional area, Lucas et al [20] and Katayama et al [23] mathematically tried to construct a complete velocity profile on the basis of one and two diameters assuming an elliptical or circular shape of the pulmonary artery, respectively. Evidently such approximations limit the validity of the data.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We observed a skewed velocity profile, which rotated counterclockwise and clockwise during systole. Other groups have found the velocity profiles in the main pulmonary artery to be flat [14][15][16], parabolic [17], or skewed [18][19][20], and more complex velocity patterns have been described as well [21][22][23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Axial development of velocity fields in the porcine main pulmonary artery system

et al. 1994

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Summary. The aim of this study was to provide detailed data on velocity profile development in the normal porcine main pulmonary artery and its main branches. Under spontaneous hemodynamic conditions in twelve open-chest 90kg pigs, perivascular pulsed Doppler ultrasound was used for blood velocity measurements in the entire cross-sectional area in three axial locations in the main pulmonary artery and along one diameter in the main branches, Computerized threedimensional visualizations of the spatial and temporal development of velocity profiles were made throughout the heart cycle. The results were similar orte and two diameters downstream of the pulmonary valve. In the early systolic acceleration phase, the velocity profile became skewed, with the highest velocities (132.7 ___ 19.4cm. sec -1) towards the inferior to right superior vessel wall, and rotated counterclockwise 45°-90 ° during the late acceleration to early deceleration phase in 9 out of 11 pigs. Maximum retrograde velocities (31.4 + 14.9cm • sec -I) were observed at the inferior to the right superior vessel wall in the late systolic deceleration phase and in early diastole. During diastole, low retrograde to insignificant antegrade velocities were observed. Immediately upstream of the pulmonary bifurcation, the velocity profile disclosed two peaks at locations corresponding to the two main branches. A confined area with retrograde velocities was seen at the right vessel wall in late systole. Low-scale antegrade velocities were observed throughout diastole in the entire cross-sectional area. In the left main branch, the velocity profiles were found to be somewhat skewed towards the left vessel wall, corresponding to the smaller curvature of the left main branch, while the velocity profile in the right main branch was skewed against the superior vessel wall throughout systole. This study thus disclosed that the blood velocity profiles in the main pulmonary artery system were skewed and that mean velocity varied 26%-50% between measuring points, exhibiting an as yet unexplained rotational phenomenon. The skewed velocity profile in the porcine pulmonary trunk indicates that single-point blood velocity measurements can only serve as a basis for cardiac output estimations when used with considerable caution.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Axial development of velocity fields in the porcine main pulmonary artery system

et al. 1994

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“…A detailed three-dimensional analysis of waveform shapes and velocity profiles observed during the acceleration and deceleration phases of systole in a subset of the controls and monocrotaline pyrrole animals has been published [30]. Though the general waveform shape persisted throughout the vessel cross-section, some variability with position was observed.…”

Section: Waveform Skewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulmonary blood velocity patterns in lamb models of pulmonary vascular impairment

Lucas

Henry

et al. 1994

Heart Vessels

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Summary.To provide a comprehensive picture of the interaction between abnormal pulmonary hemodynamics and pulmonary blood velocity patterns in the young, we have developed infant animal models of pulmonary hypertension and/or elevated pulmonary blood flow. This report focuses on relationships between selected velocity waveform shape-dependent variables -i.e., the time between the onset of systole and peak velocity (rise time), the time during which velocity remains at >90% of that peak (90% time), and flow reversal patterns -and traditional hemodynamic indications of pulmonary vascular impairment, i.e., elevated pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance. Studies were performed on 36 anesthetized, open-chest, one-month-old lambs with normal pulmonary circulations or with abnormal conditions that had been initiated during the first few days of life via (1) a central venous injection of monocrotaline pyrrole (hypertension) or (2) a side-to-side anastomosis between the common carotid artery and jugular vein (elevated flow). Animals with large shunts (shunt open cardiac output/shunt closed cardiac output >2.1) had both elevated pressures and flows. The tightest correlations (linear and log-linear) were found between unindexed pulmonary vascular resistance and waveform variables, the most reliable being 90% time (r = -0.838), 90% time + rise time (r = -0.838), and 90% time x rise time (r = -0.824). The best correlate to mean pulmonary artery pressure was 90% time + rise time (r = -0.713). Combined rise time and 90% time variables yielded results that exceeded 90% sensitivity and specificity levels in diagnosing elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (>700dyne-sec/cmS). Absence of flow reversal in central and anterior regions was an indicator of markedly elevated pulmonary artery pressures (mean >28mmHg). The findings of this report (1) demonstrate the successful development of animal models that mimic a broad spectrum of relevant pulmonary hemodynamics in infants and children with compromised pulmonary circulations and (2) point to shape variables that should improve noninvasive assessment of elevated pulmonary vascular resistance.

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Pulmonary blood flow profiles with reduced right ventricular function in lambs

et al. 1996

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The determinants of right ventricular (RV) performance with damaged RV free wall, such as occurs with RV infarction, are still unclear. Using 20-MHz Doppler ultrasound equipment, we investigated the changes in pulmonary blood flow velocity profiles before and after ligation of the right coronary artery. RV dp/dt, stroke volume, RV stroke work, aortic pressure and cardiac output decreased and central venous pressure rose after the ligation. The RV stroke work-end-diastolic pressure relationship indicated impaired RV function following ligation. We observed shortened acceleration time (65.0 +/- 15.1 vs 54.4 +/- 6.2 ms, P < 0.05) and reduced maximum velocity of forward flow (59.0 +/- 5.9 vs 52.5 +/- 7.6 cm/s, P < 0.05) after the ligation. Acceleration was interrupted earlier after ligation than before ligation. These alterations in flow are thought to be a consequence of the altered movement of the RV free wall and ventricular septum induced by RV infarction.

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Three-Dimensional Visualization of Pulmonary Blood Flow Velocity Profiles in Lambs

Cited by 14 publications

References 21 publications

Axial development of velocity fields in the porcine main pulmonary artery system

Axial development of velocity fields in the porcine main pulmonary artery system

Pulmonary blood velocity patterns in lamb models of pulmonary vascular impairment

Pulmonary blood flow profiles with reduced right ventricular function in lambs

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