Thrombin generation in a patient with an acquired high-titre factor V inhibitor

Abstract

The management of patients with acquired factor V inhibitors is challenging, because their bleeding risk is highly variable and only poorly correlated with routine coagulation tests. Furthermore, there is no standardized treatment for bleeding control or inhibitor eradication. An 84-year-old white man underwent uneventful surgery for a ruptured intracerebral haemangioma. There were no perioperative coagulation abnormalities. Eight weeks after surgery, however, the prothrombin and the activated partial thromboplastin times were found to be maximally prolonged without signs of acute haemorrhage. A factor V inhibitor of 212 Bethesda units was diagnosed. We used a fluorogenic real-time thrombin generation assay with low concentrations of tissue factor (TF) to analyse the factor V inhibitor for interference with coagulation in platelet-poor plasma. Compared with three bleeding patients with acquired haemophilia A and severely deficient thrombin generation, total thrombin generation capacity was similar in the patient and healthy controls. However, the lag phase was significantly prolonged, suggesting a defect in the initiation/amplification, but not in the propagation phase of TF-triggered thrombin generation. This defect could be fully reproduced by purified patient IgG and largely corrected by ex-vivo addition of activated prothrombin complex concentrate, but not recombinant human FVIIa. Addition of normal platelets to the patient's plasma resulted in a pronounced shortening of the lag phase, suggesting that platelet-derived factor V can escape the inhibitor. Our findings offer an explanation for the absence of spontaneous bleeding in this patient and support the concept of platelet transfusions for the management of acute haemorrhages in patients with acquired factor V inhibitors.