Through the looking glass: A lens-based account of intersectional stereotyping.

Petsko, Christopher D.; Rosette, Ashleigh Shelby; Bodenhausen, Galen V.

doi:10.1037/pspi0000382

Cited by 81 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 119 publications

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“…Notably, this argument is similar to one made recently by Petsko et al (2022), according to which intersectional stereotypes are more often observed in contexts where multiple identities of the stereotype targets (vs. just one such identity) are accessible to observers and relevant to their goals. For example, Petsko and colleagues found intersectional stereotypes even in an IAT when participants sorted social stimuli using multiple‐identity labels (e.g., “Black women”) rather than single‐identity labels (e.g., “women”).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

The acquisition of the gender‐brilliance stereotype: Age trajectory, relation to parents' stereotypes, and intersections with race/ethnicity

et al. 2022

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Past research has explored children's gender stereotypes about specific intellectual domains, such as mathematics and science, but less is known about the acquisition of domain-general stereotypes about the intellectual abilities of women and men. During 2017 and 2018, the authors administered Implicit Association Tests to Chinese Singaporean adults and 8-to 12-year-olds (N = 731; 58% female) to examine the gender stereotype that portrays exceptional intellectual ability (e.g., genius, brilliance) as a male attribute. This gender-brilliance stereotype was present among adults and children and for both Chinese and White stereotype targets. It also was stronger among older children and among children whose parents also showed it. This early-emerging stereotype may be an obstacle to gender equity in many prestigious employment sectors.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

The acquisition of the gender‐brilliance stereotype: Age trajectory, relation to parents' stereotypes, and intersections with race/ethnicity

et al. 2022

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“…We also did not find the hypothesized differences between Black men and women for either type of dehumanization; rather, there was no significant difference in the animalistic or mechanistic dehumanization of Black men and women. This result is consistent with Petsko et al's (2022) argument that people use only one lens at a time when evaluating others. In this instance, it appears that a race lens took precedence over a gender or intersectional lens.…”

Section: Implicit Dehumanizationsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Intersectionality acknowledges that Black women experience discrimination in ways that cannot be explained solely by racism or sexism (Crenshaw, 1989). Petsko et al's (2022) lens-based theory of intersectionality holds that people rely on one "lens" at a time when perceiving others, and that which lens is used depends on the context. In some contexts, people may use a "race" lens, which could lead to discrimination against racial minorities.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the consequences of dehumanization and adultification in justification of police use of force against Black girls and boys.

Perillo¹,

Sykes²,

Bennett³

et al. 2023

Law and Human Behavior

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Objective: Given the greater contact that Black youth have with the legal system compared with White youth, it is important to consider the differential ways that police use of force against these youth is perceived. Black youth may be at greater risk than White youth for animalistic (being seen as animal-like) and mechanistic (being seen as object-like) dehumanization, which, along with a tendency for Black youth to be perceived as older (adultification), may impact observers' perceptions of police use of force toward Black youth. This study examined whether dehumanization and adultification were associated with the perceptions of force used and harm caused by police. Hypotheses: We made five hypotheses. First, participants would dehumanize Black individuals more than White individuals, more mechanistically dehumanize Black women than Black men, and more animalistically dehumanize Black men than Black women. Second, dehumanization would be positively associated with adultification. Third, force would be rated as less appropriate and more excessive for White than for Black targets, particularly for males. Fourth, dehumanization, particularly animalistic dehumanization, would be associated with higher participant ratings of force justification and lower participant ratings of force severity and excessiveness. Fifth, participants would perceive girls as more harmed than boys and White individuals as more harmed than Black individuals. Method: After completing an implicit dehumanization measure, participants viewed an image (varied on age and gender) of a juvenile, estimated the juvenile's age, and read a vignette in which the juvenile had an altercation with police. Participants rated the amount, severity, and justification of the force used by the officer as well as the physical and emotional harm caused to the juvenile. Results: We found that Black targets were dehumanized more than White targets. Adultification, unrelated to implicit dehumanization, predicted perceiving police use of force against juveniles as more justified and less severe. Black girls were most likely to experience adultification; participants generally perceived them as less victimized than Black boys and White girls. Conclusions: Adultification is associated with fewer protections for youth. Those with particular intersectional identities, such as Black girls, may be uniquely vulnerable to harm caused by police victimization. Public Significance StatementBlack youth are uniquely vulnerable in the criminal legal system. Dehumanizing perceptions of these youth, particularly adultifying perceptions leading people to see them as more adultlike, may deny them access to justice via observers perceiving their victimization by police as less severe and less harmful. Black girls in particular may be at risk, given the relatively lesser attention that has been paid to their victimization and the tendency for observers to misperceive them as older. Despite more policies being passed to protect adults from racial bias in policing, relatively fewer polic...

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“…Second, the stereotypes and emotions assessed in this work were largely assessed in a context-free environment. Research shows that different contexts (e.g., stereotyping in hiring contexts versus criminal sentencing) can elicit different lenses: dependent on situational cues, perceivers may use a religion lens, gender lens, or an intersectional lens when stereotyping groups (Petsko et al, 2022). Future work should examine how changing or specifying context can change these intersectional stereotypes.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Of Christians, Jews, and Muslims: When gender is unspecified, the default is men

Ghani¹,

Hudson²,

Rumaney³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Discrimination against members of non-majority religious groups is widespread, often due to negative stereotypes and emotions towards them. While much is known regarding religious groups as a whole, there is relatively little work disaggregating religious groups by gender. Such disaggregation is important for advancing our theoretical and practical understanding of intergroup conflict and subsequently helping policymakers design interventions that are effective towards both men and women within groups. To understand the impact of gender on religious stereotypes, across two studies (pre-registered, N = 1808), we analyzed stereotypes and emotions towards the men and women of three religious groups: Christians, Jews, and Muslims, to determine the prototypicality biases that Intersectional Invisibility is predicated on. There was evidence of androcentric biases, as (Christian, Jewish, and Muslim) men were perceived as more similar to their respective broader religious groups than (Christian, Jewish, and Muslim) women. Additionally, Muslim women, in particular, experienced a double distancing from their identities: they were strongly differentiated from their broader religious category, i.e., Muslim, and also the most differentiated from their broader gender category i.e., women. Implications for psychological frameworks, future directions, and limitations are discussed.

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Through the looking glass: A lens-based account of intersectional stereotyping.

Cited by 81 publications

References 119 publications

The acquisition of the gender‐brilliance stereotype: Age trajectory, relation to parents' stereotypes, and intersections with race/ethnicity

The acquisition of the gender‐brilliance stereotype: Age trajectory, relation to parents' stereotypes, and intersections with race/ethnicity

Examining the consequences of dehumanization and adultification in justification of police use of force against Black girls and boys.

Of Christians, Jews, and Muslims: When gender is unspecified, the default is men

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