Thyroid Autoimmunity in Schoolchildren in an Area with Long-Standing Iodine Sufficiency: Correlation with Gender, Pubertal Stage, and Maternal Thyroid Autoimmunity

Kaloumenou, Irene; Mastorakos, George; Alevizaki, Maria; Duntas, Leonidas H.; Mantzou, Emily; Ladopoulos, Charalambos; Antoniou, Aristides; Chiotis, Dimitrios; Papassotiriou, Ioannis; Chrousos, George P.; Dacou-Voutetakis, Catherine

doi:10.1089/thy.2007.0370

Cited by 63 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Radetti et al (77) found high levels of TPOAb in nearly 24% of overweight or obese children. This prevalence is similar to that observed in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (21.6%) (123) and outnumbers current epidemiologic data in iodine-sufficient schoolchildren, which indicate a TPOAb prevalence in the range of 3.4-4.6% (124,125).…”

Section: European Journal Of Endocrinologysupporting

confidence: 86%

MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: The crosstalk between thyroid gland and adipose tissue: signal integration in health and disease

Santini

Marzullo

Rotondi

et al. 2014

European Journal of Endocrinology

204

185

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Obesity and thyroid diseases are common disorders in the general population and they frequently occur in single individuals. Alongside a chance association, a direct relationship between 'thyroid and obesity' has been hypothesized. Thyroid hormone is an important determinant of energy expenditure and contributes to appetite regulation, while hormones and cytokines from the adipose tissue act on the CNS to inform on the quantity of energy stores. A continuous interaction between the thyroid hormone and regulatory mechanisms localized in adipose tissue and brain is important for human body weight control and maintenance of optimal energy balance. Whether obesity has a pathogenic role in thyroid disease remains largely a matter of investigation. This review highlights the complexity in the identification of thyroid hormone deficiency in obese patients. Regardless of the importance of treating subclinical and overt hypothyroidism, at present there is no evidence to recommend pharmacological correction of the isolated hyperthyrotropinemia often encountered in obese patients. While thyroid hormones are not indicated as anti-obesity drugs, preclinical studies suggest that thyromimetic drugs, by targeting selected receptors, might be useful in the treatment of obesity and dyslipidemia.

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Section: European Journal Of Endocrinologysupporting

confidence: 86%

MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: The crosstalk between thyroid gland and adipose tissue: signal integration in health and disease

Santini

Marzullo

Rotondi

et al. 2014

European Journal of Endocrinology

204

185

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“…It is, however, interesting to note that another type of autoimmunity has high incidence periods at a later age; seroconversion to TPO autoantibodies was frequent in this cohort, but did not reach high levels until puberty and appeared to peak in adolescence. The thyroid organ undergoes remodelling around this age as a result of increased activity [22][23][24], potentially explaining the increased rate of TPO autoimmunity. Interestingly, neonatal remodelling of the pancreas has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes in the NOD mouse [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related islet autoantibody incidence in offspring of patients with type 1 diabetes

Ziegler

Bonifacio²

2012

Diabetologia

230

176

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Aims/hypothesis Seroconversion to islet autoantibodies precedes type 1 diabetes. This study aimed to identify periods of high seroconversion incidence, which could be targeted for mechanistic and therapeutic studies. Methods Incidence of islet autoantibodies was calculated in 1,650 genetically at-risk children followed with measurements of islet autoantibodies and thyroid autoantibodies at age 9 months and 2, 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17 years. Peak incidence periods were confirmed in a second cohort of 150 children followed until age 6 years with three-monthly samples up to age 3 years. Results Islet autoantibody incidence (per 1,000 person-years) was 18.5 until age 9 months, 21 from 9 months to 2 years and <10 for intervals after age 2 years. The second cohort confirmed peak incidence around age 9 months and demonstrated an absence of seroconversion before this age. Seroconversion to insulin autoantibodies occurred earlier than other autoantibodies (p<0.01 against glutamic acid decarboxylase [GAD]-, insulinoma-associated protein 2 [IA-2]-and zinc transporter 8 [ZnT8]-autoantibodies). Early peak seroconversion incidence was most evident in children with highrisk HLA DR3/4-DQ8 or DR4/4-DQ8 genotypes. Conclusion The age period 9 months to 2 years is associated with a high incidence of activation of type 1 diabetesassociated autoimmunity in genetically at-risk children and should be targeted for effective primary prevention strategies.

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“…In adults, studies (66)(67)(68)(69) have found that 3-13% of adults have TgAb. However, in children, the prevalence of TgAb is lower (70,71), and Zimmermann et al (47) suggest that screening for TgAb in this age group is not necessary. Twenty-two of 34 studies measured TgAb prior to Tg measurement (Table 1).…”

Section: Methods To Measure Tg Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroglobulin as a Biomarker of Iodine Deficiency: A Review

Feei

Skeaff²

2014

Thyroid

137

113

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Background: Thyroglobulin, produced exclusively by the thyroid gland, has been proposed to be a more sensitive biomarker of iodine status than thyrotropin or the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine and thyroxine. However, evidence on the usefulness of thyroglobulin (Tg) to assess iodine status has not been extensively reviewed, particularly in pregnant women and adults. Summary: An electronic literature search was conducted using the Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, PubMed, and Medline to locate relevant studies on Tg as a biomarker of iodine status. Since urinary iodine concentration (UIC) is the recommended method to assess iodine status in populations, only studies that clearly reported both Tg and UIC were included. For the purpose of this review, a median Tg <13 lg/L and a median UIC ‡100 lg/L (UIC ‡150 lg/L for pregnant women) were used to indicate adequate iodine status. We excluded studies conducted in subjects with either known thyroid disease or those with thyroglobulin antibodies. The search strategy and selection criteria yielded 34 articles of which nine were intervention studies. The majority of studies (six of eight) reported that iodine-deficient pregnant women had a median Tg ‡13 lg/L. However, large observational studies of pregnant women, including women with adequate and inadequate iodine status, as well as well-designed intervention trials that include both Tg and UIC, are needed. In adults, the results were equivocal because iodine-deficient adults were reported to have median Tg values of either <13 or ‡13 lg/L. Only studies in school-aged children showed that iodine-sufficient children typically had a median Tg <13 lg/L. Some of the inconsistent results may be partially explained by the use of different methodological assays and failure to assess assay accuracy using a certified reference material. Conclusions: These data suggest that Tg does hold promise as a biomarker of iodine deficiency. However, it is associated with limitations. A median Tg cutoff of 13 lg/L warrants further investigation, particularly in adults or pregnant women, as there is a lack of both observational and intervention studies in these groups.

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Thyroid Autoimmunity in Schoolchildren in an Area with Long-Standing Iodine Sufficiency: Correlation with Gender, Pubertal Stage, and Maternal Thyroid Autoimmunity

Cited by 63 publications

References 38 publications

MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: The crosstalk between thyroid gland and adipose tissue: signal integration in health and disease

MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: The crosstalk between thyroid gland and adipose tissue: signal integration in health and disease

Age-related islet autoantibody incidence in offspring of patients with type 1 diabetes

Thyroglobulin as a Biomarker of Iodine Deficiency: A Review

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