Thyroid cancer and its associated factors: A population‐based case‐control study

Abstract

Considering the rising incidence and mortality of thyroid cancer (TC) worldwide, the aim of our study was to determine the risk factors for TC in a province with the highest incidence of TC in the country located at the South of Iran. A populationbased case-control study was performed on 708 participants (361 new cases and 347 controls). The case participants were selected from the Iranian National Cancer Registry database. Frequency matched for gender and age, and the control participants were selected randomly from the neighborhood of the cases. Based on the results of multiple logistic regression analysis, benign thyroid diseases (eg, hyperthyroidism OR yes/no = 14.06, 95% CI: 5.13-38.51), family history of TC (OR yes/no = 3.54, 95% CI: 1.51-8.26), radiation exposure of the head (OR yes/no = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.03-3.60), family history of thyroid diseases (OR yes/no = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.19-2.62) and family history of other types of cancer (OR yes/no = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.01-2.74), significantly increased the risk of developing TC. On the other hand, high blood pressure (OR yes/ no = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.19-0.64), higher education (OR college/illiterate = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.30-0.96), consumption of unsaturated fat (OR unsaturated/saturated = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.39-0.87) and being married (OR married/single = 0.60, 95% CI 0.37-0.98) were found to be protective factors. Some community-based interventions, for example, reduction in radiation exposure and screening members of families with underlying thyroid diseases may help in preventing or early diagnosis of TC. More studies on the health effects of local herbs are highly recommended.

National, sub-national, and risk-attributed burden of thyroid cancer in Iran from 1990 to 2019

“…Another study in the Czech Republic also reported the role of other factors such as chemical exposures and iodine deficiency in the increasing burden of thyroid cancer 43 . Previously in Iran, radiation exposure and underlying benign thyroid disease have been found to be associated with the thyroid cancer incidence 44 , 45 . Further studies are required to assess the role of these factors more accurately in the increasing burden of thyroid cancer in Iran.…”

Correlations of cancer antigen 19-9 and Carcinoembryonic antigen with histopathological and clinical features among malignant thyroid tumors

“…The median (IQR) duration between first serum specimen (preoperative serum specimen) and second serum specimen (post-operative serum specimen) was 24 (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33) days for the PTC patients.…”

“…Previous studies concluded that individuals who are working in places with possible emission of radioactive substances are more prone to develop malignant thyroid tumors (24)(25)(26). The ionized beam stimulates follicular cells to mutate genetically and intracellular cell signaling alterations are induced which can progress to malignant transformation.…”

Iodine nutrition and papillary thyroid cancer

“…Risk factors including radiation exposure, dietary nutrition, BMI (9), metabolic syndrome (10), environmental pollutants, family history of thyroid nodules, and overdiagnosis have been reported (11). Despite overdiagnosis, environmental/lifestyle factors do contribute to some increase in TC prevalence (12)(13)(14)(15)(16).…”