Thyroid Nodules and Biopsy

Abstract

The present chapter provides an in-depth review of the prevalence, diagnostic challenges, and management strategies for thyroid nodules, emphasizing the integration of various diagnostic modalities to enhance precision and guide therapeutic decisions. Thyroid nodules are frequently encountered in clinical settings, with a significant proportion detected incidentally. While most are benign, the potential for malignancy necessitates careful evaluation, primarily through ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA). However, FNA has limitations, including unsatisfactory and indeterminate results, which may lead to unnecessary interventions. The chapter discusses the evolution of diagnostic techniques, including the role of ultrasonography, molecular diagnostics, and core needle biopsy, alongside traditional FNA. It highlights recent clinical experiences and studies that address diagnostic ambiguities, aiming to optimize patient outcomes by reducing unnecessary surgeries and improving diagnostic accuracy. The impact of external factors, such as the COVID-19 pandemic on thyroid nodule diagnostics, is explored. Through a comprehensive analysis, the chapter seeks to provide clinicians with updated strategies and insights into managing thyroid nodules effectively in diverse clinical contexts.