Tick-borne pathogens and their vectors in Kazakhstan – A review

Perfilyeva, Yuliya V.; Shapiyeva, Zhanna; Ostapchuk, Yekaterina O.; Berdygulova, Zhanna A.; Bissenbay, Akerke O.; Кулемин, М. В.; Ismagulova, Gulnara; Skiba, Yuriy A.; Sayakova, Z.Z.; Mamadaliyev, Seidigapbar M.; Maltseva, Elina R.; Dmitrovskiy, Andrey

doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101498

Cited by 32 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The ticks collected in this study reinforce previously recorded distributions of tick species in Kazakhstan [ 4 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…The tick fauna of Kazakhstan includes more than 30 species of ixodid ticks, recognized as carriers of a number of dangerous infectious pathogens. Dermacentor marginatus , Hyalomma marginatum , Hyalomma anatolicum , Hyalomma asiaticum , Hyalomma scupense have epidemiological significance in the territory of Kazakhstan [ 4 ]. In Kazakhstan, ticks are carriers of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) [ 5 ], tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) [ 6 ], babesiosis and theileriosis [ 7 ], Q fever [ 8 , 9 ] and Lyme borreliosis [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Prevalence of Pathogens among Ticks Collected from Livestock in Kazakhstan

Sultankulova¹,

Shynybekova²,

Issabek³

et al. 2022

Pathogens

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Ticks carry and transmit a wide variety of pathogens (bacteria, viruses and protozoa) that pose a threat to humans and animals worldwide. The purpose of this work was to study ticks collected in different regions of Kazakhstan for the carriage of various pathogens. The collected ticks were examined by PCR for the carriage of various pathogens. A total of 3341 tick samples parasitizing three animal species (cattle, sheep and horses) were collected at eight regions of Kazakhstan. Eight tick species were found infesting animals: Dermacentor marginatus (28.08%), Hyalomma asiaticum (21.28%), Hyalomma anatolicum (17.18%), Dermacentor reticulatus (2.01%), Ixodes ricinus (3.35%), Ixodes persulcatus (0.33%), Hyalomma scupense (12.87%) and Hyalomma marginatum (14.90%). Ticks collected from livestock animals were examined for the pathogen spectrum of transmissible infections to determine the degree of their infection. Four pathogen DNAs (lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), Coxiella burnetti, Teileria annulata, and Babesia caballi) were detected by PCR in Dermacentor marginatus, Hyalomma asiaticum, Hyalomma scupense, Hyalomma anatolicum. The infection of ticks Dermacentor marginatus and Hyalomma asiaticum collected on cattle in the West Kazakhstan region with LSDV was 14.28% and 5.71%, respectively. Coxiella burnetti was found in the ticks Dermacentor marginatus (31.91%) in the Turkestan region and Hyalomma anatolicum (52.63%) in the Zhambyl region. Theileria annulata was found in ticks Hyalomma scupense (7.32%) and Dermacentor marginatus (6.10%) from cattle in the Turkestan region. Babesia caballi was isolated only from the species Hyalomma scupense (17.14%) in the Turkestan region. There were no PCR-positive tick samples collected from sheep. RNA/DNAs of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), African swine fever virus (ASFV), Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), and chlamydia pathogens were not found in ticks. The new data give a better understanding of the epidemiology of tick-borne pathogens and the possibility of the emergence of tick-borne animal diseases in Kazakhstan.

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“…The ticks collected in this study reinforce previously recorded distributions of tick species in Kazakhstan [ 4 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prevalence of Pathogens among Ticks Collected from Livestock in Kazakhstan

Sultankulova¹,

Shynybekova²,

Issabek³

et al. 2022

Pathogens

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In 1944, CCHF was reported for the first time in Kazakhstan ( 45 ). Most of the prevalence was reported in Zhambyl and Kyzylorda, regions of the south of Kazakhstan ( 46 ). The first reported case of CCHF was in the Turkestan region and was termed Central Asian Fever ( 47 ).…”

Section: Pattern Of Distribution In Asian and Middle Eastern Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution pattern of Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Asia and the Middle East

Aslam

Abbas

Alsayeqh

2023

Front. Public Health

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Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is one of the most important vector-borne diseases of zoonotic potential that can be acquired following the bite of the Hyalomma species of ticks. It is a highly prevalent disease in Asia and the Middle East. The risk factors of this disease are contact with infected tissue, blood, patient, or livestock in the acute viremic phase, infected tick bites, or the manual removal of ticks. The disease is clinically described as progressive hemorrhages, fever, and pain in musculature. Biochemical tests reveal elevated levels of creatinine phosphokinase, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase. Clotting time is prolonged in pro-thrombin tests, and pathogenesis is mostly related to the disruption of the epithelium during viral replication and indirectly by secreting cytotoxic molecules. These molecules cause endothelial activation and result in the loss of function. Supportive therapy is given through blood or plasma infusions to treat or manage the patients. According to the most advanced studies, CCHF can be treated by Ribavirin, which is an antiviral drug that shows excellent results in preventing the disease. Health-care staff are more prone to infection. The hemorrhagic phase represents a high risk for accidental exposures. This literature review presents a comprehensive overview of the viral epidemiology, zoonotic perspectives, and significant risk factors of CCHF in various Middle East and Asian countries. Furthermore, the pathophysiology and preventive strategies of CCHF have also been discussed as well as legislation and policies regarding public outreach programs, research, and development aimed at infection prevention and control that are required at a global level.

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“…Different landscapes and atmospheric conditions support a variety of fauna and consequently diverse endemicity of infectious agents in various regions of the country. For example, tick-borne illnesses, including encephalitis are well-reported in southern regions and are under constant vigilance ( 11 , 12 ). But the national epidemiological situation of meningitis in Kazakhstan is unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological characteristics and climatic variability of viral meningitis in Kazakhstan, 2014–2019

Yerdessov

Zhunussova

Imanova³

et al. 2023

Front. Public Health

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BackgroundThe comprehensive epidemiology and impact of climate on viral meningitis (VM) in Kazakhstan are unknown. We aimed to study the incidence, in-hospital mortality and influence of climatic indicators on VM from 2014 to 2019.MethodsNationwide electronic healthcare records were used to explore this study. ICD-10 codes of VM, demographics, and hospital outcomes were evaluated using descriptive statistics and survival analysis.ResultsDuring the 2014–2019 period, 10,251 patients with VM were admitted to the hospital. 51.35% of them were children, 57.85% were males, and 85.9% were from the urban population. Enteroviral meningitis was the main cause of VM in children. The incidence rate was 13 and 18 cases per 100,000 population in 2014 and 2019, respectively. Case fatality rate was higher in 2015 (2.3%) and 2017 (2.0%). The regression model showed 1°C increment in the daily average temperature might be associated with a 1.05-fold (95% CI 1.047–1.051) increase in the daily rate of VM cases, 1hPa increment in the average air pressure and 1% increment in the daily average humidity might contribute to a decrease in the daily rate of VM cases with IRRs of 0.997 (95% CI 0.995–0.998) and 0.982 (95% CI 0.981–0.983), respectively. In-hospital mortality was 35% higher in males compared to females. Patients residing in rural locations had a 2-fold higher risk of in-hospital death, compared to city residents. Elderly patients had a 14-fold higher risk of in-hospital mortality, compared to younger patients.ConclusionThis is the first study in Kazakhstan investigating the epidemiology and impact of climate on VM using nationwide healthcare data. There was a tendency to decrease the incidence with outbreaks every 5 years, and mortality rates were higher for Russians and other ethnicities compared to Kazakhs, for males compared to females, for elder patients compared to younger patients, and for patients living in rural areas compared to city residents. The climatic parameters and the days of delay indicated a moderate interaction with the VM cases.

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Tick-borne pathogens and their vectors in Kazakhstan – A review

Cited by 32 publications

References 25 publications

The Prevalence of Pathogens among Ticks Collected from Livestock in Kazakhstan

The Prevalence of Pathogens among Ticks Collected from Livestock in Kazakhstan

Distribution pattern of Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Asia and the Middle East

Epidemiological characteristics and climatic variability of viral meningitis in Kazakhstan, 2014–2019

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