Tick saliva affects both proliferation and distribution of Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes in mouse organs and increases transmission of spirochetes to ticks

Horká, Helena; Černá, Kateřina; Skallová, Anna; Kopecký, Jan

doi:10.1016/j.ijmm.2008.10.009

Cited by 30 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Nymphs that completed their larval blood meal on whitefooted mice have a high likelihood (*90%) of carrying the spirochete, whereas those that completed their larval meal on raccoons or opossums have a very low likelihood of being infected (<10%). Performing experimental infections via naturalistic means is important because acquiring B. burgdorferi in the presence of tick saliva increases infection success and spirochete dissemination (Gern et al 1993, Zeidner et al 2002, Nuttall and Labuda 2004, Ramamoorthi et al 2005, Horká et al 2009). We argue that an understanding of the natural host response requires imitating natural infection routes (e.g., Donahue et al 1987, Bunikis et al 2004.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Borrelia burgdorferiHas Minimal Impact on the Lyme Disease Reservoir HostPeromyscus leucopus

Schwanz

Voordouw

Brisson

et al. 2011

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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The epidemiology of vector-borne zoonotic diseases is determined by encounter rates between vectors and hosts. Alterations to the behavior of reservoir hosts caused by the infectious agent have the potential to dramatically alter disease transmission and human risk. We examined the effect of Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiological agent of Lyme disease, on one of its most important reservoir hosts, the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus. We mimic natural infections in mice using the vector (Black-legged ticks, Ixodes scapularis) and examine the immunological and behavioral responses of mouse hosts. Despite producing antibodies against B. burgdorferi, infected mice did not have elevated white blood cells compared with uninfected mice. In addition, infected and uninfected mice did not differ in their wheel-running activity. Our results suggest that infection with the spirochete B. burgdorferi has little impact on the field activity of white-footed mice. Lyme disease transmission appears to be uncomplicated by pathogen-altered behavior of this reservoir host.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Borrelia burgdorferiHas Minimal Impact on the Lyme Disease Reservoir HostPeromyscus leucopus

Schwanz

Voordouw

Brisson

et al. 2011

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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“…It has been known for a long time that tick saliva facilitates Borrelia propagation into host tissues; however, the mechanisms are still not completely understood (14). A decreased phagocytic capacity of human neutrophils and of mouse macrophages in the presence of I. ricinus or I. scapularis saliva was described (18,25).…”

Section: Effect Of I Ricinus Sge On Ros Production By Activated Humamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tick saliva facilitates the development and pathogenicity of Borrelia (14). Its immunosuppressor effects on the hosts are not yet completely elucidated.…”

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confidence: 99%

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Entrap and KillBorrelia burgdorferiSensu Stricto Spirochetes and Are Not Affected byIxodes ricinusTick Saliva

Menten-Dedoyart

Faccinetto

Golovchenko

et al. 2012

The Journal of Immunology

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Lyme disease is caused by spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. They are transmitted mainly by Ixodes ricinus ticks. After a few hours of infestation, neutrophils massively infiltrate the bite site. They can kill Borrelia via phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and hydrolytic enzymes. However, factors in tick saliva promote propagation of the bacteria in the host even in the presence of a large number of neutrophils. The neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) consists in the extrusion of the neutrophil’s own DNA, forming traps that can retain and kill bacteria. The production of reactive oxygen species is apparently associated with the onset of NETs (NETosis). In this article, we describe NET formation at the tick bite site in vivo in mice. We show that Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto spirochetes become trapped and killed by NETs in humans and that the bacteria do not seem to release significant nucleases to evade this process. Saliva from I. ricinus did not affect NET formation by human neutrophils or its stability. However, it greatly decreased neutrophil reactive oxygen species production, suggesting that a strong decrease of hydrogen peroxide does not affect NET formation. Finally, round bodies trapped in NETs were observed, some of them staining as live bacteria. This observation could help contribute to a better understanding of the early steps of Borrelia invasion and erythema migrans formation after tick bite.

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“…It is easy to understand that the risk increases with the tick feeding and engorging. Nevertheless, there are few studies Science Publications AJID based in animal (De Silva and Fikrig, 1995;Lindsay et al, 1997;Katavolos et al, 1998;Zivkovic et al, 2007;Horka et al, 2009) or in vitro (Krober and Guerin, 2007;Hojgaard et al, 2008) models that evaluate the time of feeding for the transmission of tick-borne agents.…”

Section: Fig 1 Life Cycle Of the Hard Tick Ixodes Ricinusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention and Prophylaxis of Tick Bites and Tick-Borne Related Diseases

García‐Álvarez¹,

Palomar²,

Oteo³

2013

American Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Ticks are obligate haematophagous arthropods present all over the world able to produce human diseases. Several factors have increased the abundance, circulation and distribution of the pathogens transmitted by ticks, contributing to the change in the vector-borne diseases epidemiology in the last years. This review collects the most important measures for the prevention and prophylaxis of tick-borne diseases. The preexposition measures to avoid tick-borne diseases are based on the prevention of tick bites by avoiding tickinfested areas, using of protective clothing, repellents and controlling tick populations by physical, mechanical, biological and chemical methods. It is also reviewed other measures as the utility of educational programs and the use of human vaccines. On the other hand, we also review some key aspects referred to the measures to carry out after tick bites as how to remove a tick correctly and the utility of making an antibiotic prophylaxis.

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Tick saliva affects both proliferation and distribution of Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes in mouse organs and increases transmission of spirochetes to ticks

Cited by 30 publications

References 51 publications

Borrelia burgdorferiHas Minimal Impact on the Lyme Disease Reservoir HostPeromyscus leucopus

Borrelia burgdorferiHas Minimal Impact on the Lyme Disease Reservoir HostPeromyscus leucopus

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Entrap and KillBorrelia burgdorferiSensu Stricto Spirochetes and Are Not Affected byIxodes ricinusTick Saliva

Prevention and Prophylaxis of Tick Bites and Tick-Borne Related Diseases

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