Tick salivary compounds: their role in modulation of host defences and pathogen transmission

Kazimírová, Mária; Štibrániová, Iveta

doi:10.3389/fcimb.2013.00043

Cited by 274 publications

(258 citation statements)

References 198 publications

(275 reference statements)

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“…Arthropod vector saliva counteracts host-derived inflammation by impairing the complement system (16), the function of macrophages and dendritic cells, and T cell biology (17)(18)(19). How disease vectors inhibit inflammasome signaling during pathogen infection remains poorly understood (20).…”

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confidence: 99%

The Tick Salivary Protein Sialostatin L2 Inhibits Caspase-1-Mediated Inflammation during Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infection

et al. 2014

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i Saliva from arthropod vectors facilitates blood feeding by altering host inflammation. Whether arthropod saliva counters inflammasome signaling, a protein scaffold that regulates the activity of caspase-1 and cleavage of interleukin-1␤ (IL-1␤) and IL-18 into mature molecules, remains elusive. In this study, we provide evidence that a tick salivary protein, sialostatin L2, inhibits inflammasome formation during pathogen infection. We show that sialostatin L2 targets caspase-1 activity during host stimulation with the rickettsial agent Anaplasma phagocytophilum. A. phagocytophilum causes macrophage activation and hemophagocytic syndrome features. The effect of sialostatin L2 in macrophages was not due to direct caspase-1 enzymatic inhibition, and it did not rely on nuclear factor B or cathepsin L signaling. Reactive oxygen species from NADPH oxidase and the Loop2 domain of sialostatin L2 were important for the regulatory process. Altogether, our data expand the knowledge of immunoregulatory pathways of tick salivary proteins and unveil an important finding in inflammasome biology.

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confidence: 99%

The Tick Salivary Protein Sialostatin L2 Inhibits Caspase-1-Mediated Inflammation during Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infection

et al. 2014

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“…Samples were washed in 1ϫ PBS (pH 7.2), washed in water, and dehydrated in a graded ethanol series (25%, 50%, 75%, 95%, 100%, 100%), infiltrated in HM-20 acrylic resin (Electron Microscopy Sciences), and UV cured at Ϫ10°C for 48 h. Cured resin blocks were trimmed, ultrathin sectioned, and collected on Ni-coated Formvar 400-mesh grids (Electron Microscopy Sciences). Ultrathin sections were immunolabeled at room temperature as follows: grids were treated with 200 mM NH 4 (25). Cells were scraped from a heavily infected 25-cm 2 cell culture flask and passed 20 times through a 20-gauge needle prior to injection.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the tick, during its transit from the midgut to the salivary glands, A. marginale has to overcome different tissue barriers and defense mechanisms in order to ensure its transmission to the vertebrate host (4)(5)(6)(7). In cattle, A. marginale replicates within mature erythrocytes, producing an acute disease characterized by hemolytic anemia.…”

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confidence: 99%

Reduced Infectivity in Cattle for an Outer Membrane Protein Mutant of Anaplasma marginale

Crosby

Brayton

Magunda

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Anaplasma marginale is the causative agent of anaplasmosis in cattle. Transposon mutagenesis of this pathogen using the Himar1 system resulted in the isolation of an omp10 operon insertional mutant referred to as the omp10::himar1 mutant. The work presented here evaluated if this mutant had morphological and/or growth rate defects compared to wild-type A. marginale. Results showed that the morphology, developmental cycle, and growth in tick and mammalian cell cultures are similar for the mutant and the wild type. Tick transmission experiments established that tick infection levels with the mutant were similar to those with wild-type A. marginale and that infected ticks successfully infected cattle. However, this mutant exhibited reduced infectivity and growth in cattle. The possibility of transforming A. marginale by transposon mutagenesis coupled with in vitro and in vivo assessment of altered phenotypes can aid in the identification of genes associated with virulence. The isolation of deliberately attenuated organisms that can be evaluated in their natural biological system is an important advance for the rational design of vaccines against this species.A naplasma marginale is a tick-associated bacterium and the etiologic agent of bovine anaplasmosis, a disease that causes considerable losses to both dairy and beef industries worldwide (1, 2). Although organisms of this species are principally pathogenic to cattle, they are also found in other ruminants, such as water buffalo and deer (3).The transmission cycle of A. marginale has been well documented and indicates that the success of this pathogen depends on its ability to adapt to its invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. In the tick, during its transit from the midgut to the salivary glands, A. marginale has to overcome different tissue barriers and defense mechanisms in order to ensure its transmission to the vertebrate host (4-7). In cattle, A. marginale replicates within mature erythrocytes, producing an acute disease characterized by hemolytic anemia. However, one of the most important features of the biology of these bacteria is the lifelong persistent infection of its ruminant host, achieved by evasion of the immune system using a mechanism of antigenic variation in which different variants of outer membrane proteins Msp2 and Msp3 are expressed. These persistently infected cattle remain a reservoir of A. marginale organisms for continued tick transmission (8-11).The ability of A. marginale to thrive in such diverse environments is mediated by differential gene transcription (12). Hence, the identification and characterization of these genes using recombinant DNA technologies is not only central to understanding the biology and pathogenesis of these organisms but also for the development of drug therapies and vaccines for the control of anaplasmosis. Recently, the use of transposon mutagenesis in the A. marginale Virginia strain to create insertional mutations was demonstrated (13). Delivery of a plasmid containing the Himar1 transposon and the A7 transpo...

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“…Different salivary proteins have redundant functions in counteracting the hemostatic [74], inflammatory, and immune mechanisms [75] of the host. Aside from its function in tick feeding, the salivary glands are also involved in osmoregulation and transmission of pathogens [76].…”

Section: Genes Related To Salivary Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

RNA Interference – A Powerful Functional Analysis Tool for Studying Tick Biology and its Control

Galay¹,

Umemiya‐Shirafuji²,

MasamiMochizuki³

et al. 2016

RNA Interference

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Ticks (Acari: Ixodida) are blood-sucking arthropods globally recognized as vectors of numerous diseases. They are primarily responsible for the transmission of various pathogens, including viruses, rickettsiae, and blood parasites of animals. Ticks are second to mosquitoes in terms of disease transmission to humans. The continuous emergence of tick-borne diseases and acaricide resistance of ticks necessitates the development of new and more effective control agents and strategies; therefore, understanding of different aspects of tick biology and their interaction with pathogens is very crucial in developing effective control strategies. RNA interference (RNAi) has been widely used in the area of tick research as a versatile reverse genetic tool to elucidate the functions of various tick proteins. During the past decade, numerous studies on ticks utilized RNAi to evaluate potentially key tick proteins involved in blood feeding, reproduction, evasion of host immune response, interaction with pathogens, and pathogen transmission that may be targeted for tick and pathogen control. This chapter reviewed the application of RNAi in tick research over the past decade, focusing on the impact of this technique in the advancement of knowledge on tick and pathogen biology.

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Tick salivary compounds: their role in modulation of host defences and pathogen transmission

Cited by 274 publications

References 198 publications

The Tick Salivary Protein Sialostatin L2 Inhibits Caspase-1-Mediated Inflammation during Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infection

The Tick Salivary Protein Sialostatin L2 Inhibits Caspase-1-Mediated Inflammation during Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infection

Reduced Infectivity in Cattle for an Outer Membrane Protein Mutant of Anaplasma marginale

RNA Interference – A Powerful Functional Analysis Tool for Studying Tick Biology and its Control

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