“…The increase in lodging resistance in this study was interpreted as the basal internode diameter increase. On the other hand, Won et al (1999b) reported that the lodging degree was also affected by the cultivation method i.e., transplanting, dryseeded and water-seeded, and that in water-seeded cultivation, soil surface sowing of the seeds led to serious root lodging. From this point, deep-fl ooding irrigation is thought to be effective for solving the lodging problems of direct-seeding cultivation, but special precaution to the sowing depth would be needed.…”