Time for change? A systematic review with meta-analysis of leptospires infecting dogs to assess vaccine compatibility in Brazil

Esteves, Stephanie Bergmann; Santos, Cassia Moreira; Silva, Bianca Caroline Souza; Salgado, Fabiana Ferreira; Guilloux, Aline Gil Alves; Cortéz, Adriana; Lucco, Rejane Cristina; Miotto, Bruno Alonso

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105869

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…In relation to the serogroup distribution, even though only half of the sequences had that information, strains of Icterohaemorrhagiae were by far the major agent of canine infection. In contrast, many serosurveys studies carried out in Latin America frequently reported the presence of strains of Canicola, Autumnalis, and Pomona besides Icterohaemorrhagiae [29,[35][36][37][38], and their real role in canine leptospirosis remains to be elucidated. On the other hand, the number of sequences recognized as the Canicola serogroup was surprisingly low since dogs are known to be the maintenance host of this serogroup [10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The genetic profile of the strains was identical to L. interrogans serogroup Canicola, L. interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae and L. interrogans serogroup Pomona [38]. Recently, a review conducted in Brazil revealed the serogroups Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae, and Autumnalis as the most prevalent [29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Infection by L. interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae has been assigned to be the major cause of the acute signs, while adapted strains of L. interrogans serogroup Canicola are more frequently associated with mild disease [21,22,29]. Nevertheless, not only the virulence of the strain determines the severity of the infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Epidemiology of Pathogenic Leptospira spp. Infecting Dogs in Latin America

Azevedo

Aymée

Borges

et al. 2023

Animals

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Canine leptospirosis is a bacterial disease caused by spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. Infections can vary from asymptomatic and chronic infections to clinical acute diseases. The disease is endemic in tropical areas, such as Latin American countries, but a broad understanding of the dynamics of circulation of strains, based on molecular data, has not yet been performed. Based on in silico analyses, the present study aims to analyze the genetic diversity and circulation patterns of haplotypes from pathogenic leptospires infecting dogs in Latin America. DNA sequences were obtained from GenBank platform, curated, and aligned. Genetic distances were calculated, and a maximum likelihood tree and haplotype network were constructed. According to the inclusion criteria adopted, a total of 148 sequences were identified. Most of the records were from Brazil, including sequences from L. interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae. Phylogenetic analysis showed a genetically closely related cluster, consisting of a larger haplogroup that includes the reference strain Fiocruz L1-130, known to be the major circulating strain in humans. Moreover, no genetic variations were observed according to clinical history and/or geographical localization. We described the molecular epidemiology of leptospires circulating among dogs in Latin America and demonstrated a very genetically homogeneous group, elucidating its ubiquitous circulation pattern and drawing attention to the important role of dogs in the One Health transmission dynamics of leptospirosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

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Molecular Epidemiology of Pathogenic Leptospira spp. Infecting Dogs in Latin America

Azevedo

Aymée

Borges

et al. 2023

Animals

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“…Although dog seropositivity to a specific serogroup can arise from natural infection, vaccination, or colostrum antibodies [37], dogs had no referred vaccination, lowering falsepositive chances by vaccinal cross-reaction. Regardless, vaccination against leptospirosis should be encouraged in areas with high endemicity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Owner-Dog Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. Antibodies in Oceanic Islands and Costal Mainland of Southern Brazil

et al. 2023

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Leptospirosis has been described as a disease neglected worldwide. Affecting humans and animals, the disease is often related to poor environmental conditions such as lack of sanitation and presence of synanthropic rodents. Despite being considered as a One Health issue, no study has focused on comparing owner–dog seroprevalence between islands and seashore mainland. Accordingly, the present study assessed anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies by applying microscopic agglutination test (MAT) methods to Leptospira and assessing associated risk factors via univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of owners and their dogs in islands and seashore mainland of southern Brazil. No anti-Leptospira spp. Seropositivity was found in 330 owner serum samples, while dogs presented an overall seroprevalence of 5.9%. All seropositive dogs reacted to serogroups of Leptospira interrogans, including 66.7% of Pyrogenes, 44.4% Canicola, 22.2% Icterohaemorrhagiae, 16.7% Australis; six reacted to more than one serogroup. No association was found among seropositivity and epidemiological variables, except that neighborhood dogs were less likely to be seropositive. Although no seropositivity was observed in owners, seropositivity in dogs had the potential to indicate such species as being sentinels for environmental exposure and potential human risk of infection.

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“…Neste caso, os cães atuam como sentinelas desta zoonose. Esteves et al (2023) e Silvestrini et al (2020), também advertiram sobre a vacinação de acordo com os sorovares mais prevalentes na população canina do local. No Brasil estão disponíveis vacinas V8 contra leptospirose que previnem contra dois sorovares: Canicola e Icterohaemorragiae, enquanto as vacinas V10 contém os antígenos dos dois sorovares citados na V8, com acréscimo de mais dois sorovares: Pomona e Grippotyphosa.…”

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Leptospirosis in a mixed breed female dog (Canis familiaris)

Oliveira,

Costa

2024

Pubvet

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The present study aimed to report a clinical case of leptospirosis diagnosed in a mixed breed dog where treatment was chosen without hospitalization. Leptospirosis is an infectious and contagious zoonotic disease caused by the spirochete of the genus Leptospira spp. All pathogenic lineages belong to a single species, Leptospira interrogans. This microorganism can affect both humans and animals, be they domestic, wild or production. Dogs and cats are susceptible, but felines have greater resistance to leptospirosis. Synanthropic rodents in large urban centers or rural areas constitute a major problem, as they end up transmitting it to domestic and stray animals. Animals become infected and end up eliminating spirochetes into the environment through contaminated urine, since leptospirosis has a predilection for the renal tubules. Transmission can be direct through contaminated urine, venereal secretions, placental transfer, bite wounds or ingestion of contaminated tissues. Leptospira can enter the body through intact oral, nasal or ocular mucous membranes, or through skin that is damaged or macerated by moisture. Indirect transmission occurs through contact with contaminated water, soil and food sources. In Brazil, where many locations lack a garbage collection system and sewage disposal is precarious, the tropical climate favors rain during summer, all increasing the role of rodents as vectors of this zoonosis due to flooding. The canine mentioned in this study did not have their vaccination protocol up to date, lived in a place with the presence of rodents, and was diagnosed positive for L. interrogans serovars Bratislava, Pomona and Copenhageni by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), considered the gold standard. The changes in the blood count were limited to normocytic normochromic anemia and hyperproteinemia. No noteworthy changes were observed in the white blood cell count and, in the biochemical tests, liver and kidney changes consistent with the pathology were evident. The therapeutic protocol chosen was antibiotic therapy and supportive therapy, both carried out at the guardian's home, and the prognosis was favorable. Preventive vaccination measures according to the challenge faced in the environment, rodent control and also public policies regarding basic sanitation are important in preventing in zoonosis.

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Time for change? A systematic review with meta-analysis of leptospires infecting dogs to assess vaccine compatibility in Brazil

Cited by 6 publications

References 89 publications

Molecular Epidemiology of Pathogenic Leptospira spp. Infecting Dogs in Latin America

Molecular Epidemiology of Pathogenic Leptospira spp. Infecting Dogs in Latin America

Spatial Owner-Dog Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. Antibodies in Oceanic Islands and Costal Mainland of Southern Brazil

Leptospirosis in a mixed breed female dog (Canis familiaris)

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