Time, temperature and water aging failure envelope of thermoset polymers

Gibhardt, Dennis; Krauklis, Andrey E.; Doblies, Audrius; Gagani, Abedin I.; Sabalina, Alisa; Starkova, Olesja; Fiedler, Bodo

doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2022.107901

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…For the development of a defined fiber and sizing pre-aging methodology, it is assumed that the accelerating effect of the temperature follows an Arrhenius relationship since most chemical reactions as well as diffusion and aging follow this principle [3,17]. However, it is more difficult to estimate the accelerating effect of increased humidity, since its presence in the natural aging process is a basic requirement that is not always equally prevalent.…”

Section: Design Of Experiments and Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For composite aging, the epoxy resin saturates with water and correspondingly changes its properties as well. Here, reductions in tensile strength, the Youngs modulus, and the glass transition temperature are the main expected differences [12,17]. On the other hand, an increasing strain to failure due to the plasticizing effect of water could also be advantageous for the fatigue performance in the high-cycle regime.…”

Section: Impact Of Aging and Materials Selection On Fatigue Lifementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most studies on the effects of humidity-or water-related aging focus on polymeric matrix resins. The impacts on residual strength and stiffness [11][12][13][14][15][16][17], the glass transition temperature (T g ) [12,14,16,18,19], and the water absorption process in general [1,12,13,16,20,21] are frequently investigated. Therefore, it is known that the absorbed water interacts in a complex manner with the resin's molecular structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Influence of Sizing Aging on the Strength and Fatigue Life of Composites Using a New Test Method and Tailored Fiber Pre-Treatment: A Comprehensive Analysis

et al. 2023

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Given the time-consuming and complex nature associated with the aging of composites, a novel fabric pre-aging method was developed and evaluated for static and fatigue testing. It allows for investigating sizing and interphase-related aging effects. This fast method is independent of the diffusion processes and the composites’ thickness. Moreover, the new methodology offers enhanced analysis of the sizing, interphase, and fiber-related degradation of composites without aging them by conventional accelerated procedures or under severe maritime environments. For validation purposes, fiber bundle, longitudinal, and transverse tensile tests were performed with five different glass fiber inputs. Significant differences in the durability of composites were found for pre-aging and classical aging, respectively. The impacts of degradation of the single constituents on the fatigue life are identified by cyclic testing of untreated, pre-aged, and wet-aged composites. Here, it is evident that the interphase strength is likewise essential for the tension-tension fatigue performance of unidirectional composites, as is the fiber strength itself. In summary, the presented method provides industry and academia with an additional opportunity to examine the durability of different fibers, sizings, and composites for design purposes following a reasonable methodology.

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Section: Design Of Experiments and Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Impact Of Aging and Materials Selection On Fatigue Lifementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Sizing Aging on the Strength and Fatigue Life of Composites Using a New Test Method and Tailored Fiber Pre-Treatment: A Comprehensive Analysis

et al. 2023

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“…Currently, the research methods for rubber materials' aging performance and lifetime mostly employ natural aging and artificial accelerated aging methods. However, due to the long experimental period and difficult control of environmental factors in natural aging, accelerated aging methods are more commonly chosen to analyze the aging characteristics of materials [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] . Accelerated aging experiments accelerate the change of material aging performance by high temperatures, achieving mechanical properties similar to those in natural storage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of storage lifetime of rubber materials for flexible joint elastomers

Liu,

Deng,

et al. 2024

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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To investigate the aging performance and storage lifetime of rubber materials used in flexible joint elastomers for solid rocket engines, a compression permanent deformation was used as the performance evaluation index to conduct aging tests on the elastic specimens of joint rubber materials at different temperatures. The results showed that the compression permanent deformation increased with the aging time and temperature, and the value of compression permanent deformation was greater in the initial stage of aging than in the later stage. Based on the regularity of material aging performance, the storage lifetime of rubber materials at room temperature of 25°C is extrapolated to be approximately 17.35 years through the linear equation of aging kinetics. Given that the aging mechanism remains unchanged, the calculation based on the principle of time-temperature equivalence reveals that as the aging temperature of the rubber material increases, the accelerated aging time to reach the regular storage lifetime becomes faster. Aging for 11.25 days at 140°C is equivalent to storing for this rubber material 15 years at 25°C. This research provides references for the future design, manufacturing, maintenance, and storage reliability of flexible joints.

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“…International consensus suggests that heat, moisture, and oxygen are critical environmental factors accelerating polymer aging. Consequently, research in this area predominantly concentrates on employing these factors in accelerated aging tests to thoroughly investigate the aging dynamics of polymer materials under such conditions [30–32]. With the growing application of polymers in high‐radiation settings, the exploration of their aging behavior in these environments has increasingly garnered attention [33, 34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of thermomechanical coupled accelerated aging of HTPB propellants

Zeng,

Huang,

Chen

et al. 2024

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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This study employed macroscopic uniaxial compression tests at low and medium strain rates, coupled with microscopic electron microscopy, to extensively analyse the impact of thermomechanical coupled aging on the accelerated aging of Hydroxyl‐terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB) propellants, contrasting it with the effects of isolated factors such as heat and dynamic reciprocating force. Results indicate that at various environmental temperatures (323 K, 343 K, and 363 K), thermomechanical coupled aging more significantly affects HTPB propellants than isolated factors. This effect is macroscopically evident in increased ease of deformation, permanent deformation during aging, continual increase in dissipated energy, and a decrease in average stress and ultimate strain post‐aging. Microscopically, the effect predominantly arises from the interplay between matrix thermal degradation and particle fragmentation, which rapidly accumulate and substantially impact the material's macroscopic mechanical properties. Furthermore, as the aging temperature rises, the alterations in both macroscopic mechanical properties and microscopic morphology of HTPB propellants become more pronounced. However, overly high temperatures may swiftly result in substantial material performance deterioration. Consequently, while elevating temperature effectively accelerates thermomechanical aging, the potential adverse effects on material performance must be judiciously considered. This underscores the necessity of balancing temperature regulation with aging efficiency enhancement in HTPB propellants to ensure effective control and quantitative assessment of the aging process, while minimizing material degradation.

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Time, temperature and water aging failure envelope of thermoset polymers

Cited by 11 publications

References 48 publications

Influence of Sizing Aging on the Strength and Fatigue Life of Composites Using a New Test Method and Tailored Fiber Pre-Treatment: A Comprehensive Analysis

Influence of Sizing Aging on the Strength and Fatigue Life of Composites Using a New Test Method and Tailored Fiber Pre-Treatment: A Comprehensive Analysis

Prediction of storage lifetime of rubber materials for flexible joint elastomers

Analysis of thermomechanical coupled accelerated aging of HTPB propellants

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