Time Trends and the Influence of Age and Gender on Serum Concentrations of Perfluorinated Compounds in Archived Human Samples

Abstract

Fifty-seven pooled archived human serum samples were analyzed to assess the time trends as well as influence of age and gender on selected perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in Norwegian residents. The study comprised determinations of 19 PFCs in serum samples pooled according to year of collection from 28 years in the period 1976 to 2007. A 9-fold increase in the serum concentrations of perfluorooctyl sulfonate, perfluorooctanoic acid, and perfluoroheptyl sulfonate was measured for men (40-50 years) from 1977 to the mid 1990s where the concentrations reached a plateau before starting to decrease around year 2000. A similar trend was also seen for perfluorohexyl sulfonate, perfluorononanoic acid, perfluorodecanoic acid, and perfluoroundecanoic acid, but no clear decline was observed for these PFCs in the recent years. No statistically significant difference was observed between the PFC levels in the male and female serum pools, though the statistical power is low due to few data points. For most PFCs, the concentrations in the human serum samples were found to increase with age in the pools from 2007, while the results for 1976, 1987, and 1998 were more varying. Several PFCs were significantly intercorrelated.

Associations between serum concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and serum lipid levels in a Chinese population

“…PFOA, instead of PFOS, was the dominant analyte (Pan et al, 2010;Guo et al, 2011). Consistent with other studies, the univariate analysis showed that concentrations of PFOA, PFNA and PFOS were significantly correlated with age, and concentrations of PFOA, PFNA, PFDA and PFOS appeared to be higher in males than those in females (Calafat et al, 2007;Fromme et al, 2007;Holzer et al, 2008;Haug et al, 2009;Zhang et al, 2010).…”

Trends of polyfluoroalkyl compounds in marine biota and in humans

“…[38] A comprehensive study was carried out in Norway, covering a time period of , 30 years (1976-2007). [39] [30,32] and Calafat et al [33,34] and estimated total global POSF production volumes, adapted from Paul et al [1] Temporal trends of PFOS, PFOA and PFHxS in blood of New York State infants representing 2640 one to two-day-old infants (arithmetic means; data modified from Spliethoff et al [36] ; whole blood data multiplied by a factor of 2).…”

“…[44] In Australia two studies included PFCs in human blood. The first one was done in the years 2002-03 with pooled serum 1 9 8 0 1 9 8 1 1 9 8 2 1 9 8 3 1 9 8 5 1 9 8 6 1 9 8 8 1 9 8 9 1 9 9 0 1 9 9 1 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 9 2 0 0 0 [39] ) and estimated total global POSF production volumes, data adapted from Paul et al [1] Temporal trends of PFOS, PFOA and PFHxS in serum (whole blood concentrations multiplied by a factor of 2) of Chinese adults from Shenyang, data adapted from references that are cited following the data (values 1987: male þ female, n ¼ 15 [40] ; values 1990: male þ female, n ¼ 33 [40] ; values 1999: male, 34.5 mean age, n ¼ 36 [40] ; values 2002: male, 28.5 mean age, n ¼ 36 [40] ; values 2004: male, 21-46 mean age, n ¼ 6 [41] ; values 2008: male, 40-45 mean age, n ¼ 5 [42] ). [45] and Toms et al [46] ).…”

“…6. PFOS, PFOA and PFHxS concentrations in human blood (*, serum data, or whole blood data converted to serum basis by multiplying by a factor of 2) of the general population (male adults; except for Sweden: female adults) in several cities all over the world (2000-05); data adapted from references that are cited following the data: China [41] ; USA, Poland, South Korea, Belgium, Malaysia, Brazil, Japan (2002), Colombia, Italy, India [26] ; Canada [160] ; Japan (2003) [138] ; Australia [161] ; Norway [39] ; Sweden [51] ; Germany [162] ; Sri Lanka. [163] Chinese cities no age-related differences were observed.…”

“…[46] In contrast, the time trend study on pooled serum samples of Norwegian adults collected during the period 1976-2007 could not confirm significant differences in PFC concentrations for men and women. [39] Temporal trends and spatial distribution of PFCs in human breast milk Comparing the PFC concentrations in milk and in blood of the same donors the PFOS milk levels were ,1% of the corresponding serum levels. [51][52][53] Mean concentrations in breast milk from different countries were summarised by several authors.…”