Tire-Wear Particles as a Source of Zinc to the Environment

Councell, Terry B.; Duckenfield, Kea U.; Landa, Edward R.; Callender, Edward

doi:10.1021/es034631f

Cited by 523 publications

(235 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Lin et al, 2005;Ntziachristos et al, 2007), and non-tailpipe emissions caused by abrasion of brakes (e.g. Councell et al, 2004;Lough et al, 2005;Schauer et al, 2006;Johansson et al, 2009;Pérez et al, 2010;Apeagyei et al, 2011;Song and Gao, 2011;Harrison et al, 2012). Dall'Osto et al (2013), for example, found a comparable brake dust factor characterized by Cu and Fe with a strong 30 diurnal pattern.…”

Section: Primary Vehicle Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Source Apportionment of Urban Particulate Matter using Hourly Resolved Trace Metals, Organics, and Inorganic Aerosol Components

Jeong

Wang

Evans

2016

Preprint

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Abstract. Source apportionment analysis of hourly resolved particulate matter (PM) speciation data was performed using positive matrix factorization (PMF). The data were measured at an urban site in downtown Toronto, Canada during two campaign periods (April-July, 2013;November, 2013-February, 2014, and included trace metals, black carbon, and mass 10 spectra for organic and inorganic species (PMFFull). The chemical composition was measured by collocated high time resolution instrumentation, including an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor, an Xact metals monitor, and a seven-wavelength Aethalometer. Separate PMF analyses were conducted using the trace metal only data (PMFmetal) and organic mass spectra only (PMForg), and compared with the PMFFull results. Comparison of these three PMF analyses demonstrated that the full analysis offered many advantages in the apportionment of local and regional sources compared to using the organic or metals data 15 individually. In combining the high time resolution data, this analysis enabled i) the quantification of metal-rich sources of PM2.5 (PM < 2.5 μm), ii) the resolution of more robust factor profiles and contributions, and iii) the identification of additional organic aerosol sources.Nine factors were identified through the PMFFull analysis: five local factors (i.e. Road Dust, Primary Vehicle Emissions, Tire Wear, Cooking, and Industrial Sector) and four regional factors (i.e. Biomass Burning, Oxidised Organics, Sulphate and 20Oxidised Organics, and Nitrate and Oxidised Organics). The majority of the metal emissions (83%) and almost half of the black carbon (49%) were associated with the three traffic-related factors which, on average, contributed a minority (17%) of the overall PM2.5 mass. Strong seasonal patterns were observed for the traffic-related emissions: higher contributions of resuspended road dust in spring vs. a winter high for tire wear related emissions. Biomass Burning contributed the majority of the PM2.5 mass (52%) in June and July due to a major forest fire event. Much of this mass was due to photochemical aging of the biomass 25 burning aerosol. On average, industrially related factors contributed almost half (49%) of the PM2.5; most of this mass was secondary aerosol species. Nitrate coupled with highly oxidised organics was the largest contributor, accounting for 30% of PM2.5 on average, with higher levels in winter and at night. Including the temporal variabilities of inorganic ions and trace metals in the PMFFull analysis provided additional structure to subdivide the low volatility oxidised organic aerosol into three sources.Resuspended road dust was identified as a potential source of aged organic aerosol. 30The novelty of this study is the application of PMF receptor modeling to hourly resolved trace metals in conjunction with organic mass spectra, inorganic species, and black carbon for different seasons, and the comparison of separate PMF analyses applied to metals or organics alone. The inclusion of these different types of hourly data all...

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Section: Primary Vehicle Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Source Apportionment of Urban Particulate Matter using Hourly Resolved Trace Metals, Organics, and Inorganic Aerosol Components

Jeong

Wang

Evans

2016

Preprint

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“…4,5 ZnO is the dominant species emitted from tire-treads 6 and has been identified 59 in emissions from metal smelting along with ZnS. 7 Copper has likewise been linked to 60 multiple sources, including smelting, oil combustion, wood smoke and brake wear.…”

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confidence: 99%

New Insights from Zinc and Copper Isotopic Compositions into the Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter from Two Major European Cities

Gonzalez

Strekopytov

Amato

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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This study reports spatial and temporal variability of Zn and Cu isotopes in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) collected in two major European cities with contrasting atmospheric pollution, Barcelona and London. We demonstrate that nontraditional stable isotopes identify source contributions of Zn and Cu and can play a major role in future air quality studies. In Barcelona, samples of fine PM were collected at street level at sites with variable traffic density. The isotopic signatures ranged between −0.13 ± 0.09 and −0.51 ± 0.05‰ for δ 66 Zn IRMM and between +0.04 ± 0.20 and +0.33 ± 0.15‰ for δ 65 Cu AE633 .Copper isotope signatures similar to those of Cu sulfides and Cu/ Sb ratios within the range typically found in brake wear suggest that nonexhaust emissions from vehicles are dominant. Negative Zn isotopic signatures characteristic for gaseous emissions from smelting and combustion and large enrichments of Zn and Cd suggest contribution from metallurgical industries. In London, samples of coarse PM collected on the top of a building over 18 months display isotope signatures ranging between +0.03 ± 0.04 and +0.49 ± 0.02‰ for δ 66 Zn IRMM and between +0.37 ± 0.17 and +0.97 ± 0.21‰ for δ 65 Cu AE633 . Heavy Cu isotope signatures (up to +0.97 ± 0.21‰) and higher enrichments and Cu/Sb ratios during winter time indicate important contribution from fossil fuel combustion. The positive δ 66 Zn IRMM signatures are in good agreement with signatures characteristic for ore concentrates used for the production of tires and galvanized materials, suggesting nonexhaust emissions from vehicles as the main source of Zn pollution.

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“…Tire-wear particles have been recognized as a source of Zn introduced into the environment near vehicle transportation routes. 24 Furthermore, Weckwerth 10 pointed out that Zn was one of the top two metals in absolute abundance in diesel soot. Cu has been previously identified as an important brake-wear metal.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the vehicle contributions of metals to indoor environments

Wang

Liu

Lin

et al. 2012

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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A large number of diesel vehicles carrying gravel and sand shuttle back and forth every day on the major thoroughfares (Tai-16 and Tai-21) from Shinyi to Jiji in Nantou, Taiwan. A total of 10 stations along the major thoroughfares were selected as the exposure sites, whereas a small village located B9 km from a main traffic route was selected as the control site. Outdoor and indoor aerosol samples were collected using high-volume samplers and Harvard samplers, respectively. The metal concentrations of outdoor and indoor PM 10 at the exposure sites were, respectively, higher than those at the control site. The plots between metal contents in the aerosols and road dust showed that diesel vehicles contributed significant amounts of metals to the outdoor and indoor aerosols at the exposure sites. Household dust samples along the roadside within 30 m of the main road in the small towns were collected using the wipe method. Based on the results of principal component analysis (PCA), three major components for household dust were identified: resuspended from road dust, brake wear and diesel emissions. Enrichment factors were applied to assess the contribution of pollution sources to household dust. These factors were calculated with respect to unpolluted river dust samples (EF river ) and road dust (EF road ). The differences between EF river and EF road could be mainly attributed to the effects of resuspension by passing vehicles. Approximately 72%, 68%, 68%, 73% and 86% of the vehicle-related metals Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni and Mo content, respectively, in household dust were the result of the resuspension of road dust by passing vehicles. The data of daily intakes of five metals (i.e., Fe, Pb, Cu, Ni and Mo) from inhalation and ingestion pathways showed that the doses from the ingestion pathway were much higher than those from the inhalation pathway.

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Tire-Wear Particles as a Source of Zinc to the Environment

Cited by 523 publications

References 54 publications

Source Apportionment of Urban Particulate Matter using Hourly Resolved Trace Metals, Organics, and Inorganic Aerosol Components

Source Apportionment of Urban Particulate Matter using Hourly Resolved Trace Metals, Organics, and Inorganic Aerosol Components

New Insights from Zinc and Copper Isotopic Compositions into the Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter from Two Major European Cities

Evaluation of the vehicle contributions of metals to indoor environments

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