Tissue Depletion and Concentration Correlations between Edible Tissues and Biological Fluids of 3-Amino-2-oxazolidinone in Pigs Fed with a Furazolidone-Medicated Feed

Abstract

Furazolidone has been prohibited for use in food animal production worldwide for its carcinogenicity and mutagenicity, but it is still illegally used in some farms because of its effectiveness and cheap price. Because of the food safety and economical concerns, it is necessary to find an efficient and low-cost way to monitor the misuse of furazolidone in food-producing animals. For this regard, the tissue depletion and tissue-biological fluid concentration correlations of 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), which is the marker residue of furazolidone, were studied in pigs. Pigs were dosed with 400 mg/kg of furazolidone in feed for 7 days and were sacrificed at the withdrawal time of 0.5, 7, 21, 35, 56, and 63 days. Muscle, liver, kidney, urine, and plasma were collected to detect the AOZ by a simplified indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA). Results showed that AOZ was widely distributed in pigs and eliminated slowly after the digestion of furazolidone. The half-lives of AOZ in the plasma, urine, liver, kidney, and muscle were 13.7, 14.7, 13.6, 13.6, and 15.0 days, respectively. Good correlations of the AOZ concentration were found between plasma and muscle, plasma and liver, urine and liver, and urine and kidney in the depletion period of 7-63 or 21-63 days, with correlation coefficients of more than 0.97 and p values less than 0.05. These correlations can provide a basis for a simple and economical way using plasma/urine to monitor the illegal use of furazolidone in pigs without slaughter.

Curcumin Ameliorates Furazolidone-Induced DNA Damage and Apoptosis in Human Hepatocyte L02 Cells by Inhibiting ROS Production and Mitochondrial Pathway

“…A previous study showed that oxidative stress may play a critical role in FZD-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells [9]. Using the pig model the liver was suggested as the primary target organ of FZD metabolism; in addition, its metabolites 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone could accumulate in the liver [10]. The in vitro studies showed that FZD at concentrations of 4–10 µg/mL could increase the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in human lymphocytes and increased SCE was detected when mice were exposed to FZD at a dose of 30 mg/kg [11].…”

Scientific Opinion on nitrofurans and their metabolites in food

“…Although levels decrease over time, these adducts can be detected in treated animals for many months (see Section 8.1). As shown by Liu et al (2010a), this gradual degradation of bound residues allows the detection of the AOZ side-chain in urine for many weeks.…”

“…This depletion from muscle was much slower than for the other nitrofurans, which is also shown by the long half-life of 15 days. Liu et al (2010a) treated young piglets (15-18 kg) for 7 days with medicated feed containing 400 mg/kg furazolidone, followed by a withdrawal period of 0.5, 7, 21, 35, 56 or 63 days. In addition to liver, kidney and muscle, plasma and urine were also collected and analysed to examine the potential use of these matrices to predict the levels in tissues.…”

Curcumin Ameliorates Furazolidone Induced DNA Damage and Apoptosis in Human Hepatocyte L02 Cells via Inhibiting ROS Production and Mitochondrial Pathway

“…The liver was suggested as the primary target organ of FZD metabolic using the pig model; in addition, its metabolites 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone could be cumulative in liver [10]. The in vitro studies showed that FZD at the concentrations of 4-10 µg/mL could increases the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in human lymphocyte and increased SCE was detected when mice were exposed to FZD at the dose of 30 mg/kg [11].…”