Tissue destruction and invasion by Entamoeba histolytica

Ralston, Katherine S.; Petri, William A.

doi:10.1016/j.pt.2011.02.006

Cited by 173 publications

(135 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…La desnutrición aumenta la susceptibilidad 28 . Los niños desnutridos tienen bajos niveles de la hormona leptina que es responsable de la saciedad e influencia el sistema inmune 29 . El aumento de la susceptibilidad a la infección intestinal está asociada con el polimorfismo genético del receptor de la leptina 30 ; los niños con el alelo para la arginina (223R) son casi cuatro veces más propensos a sufrir la infección que los homocigotos para el alelo glutamina (223Q) 29 .…”

Section: Patogenicidadunclassified

“…Los niños desnutridos tienen bajos niveles de la hormona leptina que es responsable de la saciedad e influencia el sistema inmune 29 . El aumento de la susceptibilidad a la infección intestinal está asociada con el polimorfismo genético del receptor de la leptina 30 ; los niños con el alelo para la arginina (223R) son casi cuatro veces más propensos a sufrir la infección que los homocigotos para el alelo glutamina (223Q) 29 . Hay evidencias que los alelos de los antígenos de los leucocitos humanos (ALH) clase II influencian la infección ya que el alelo DQB1*0601 protege contra ésta 30 .…”

Section: Patogenicidadunclassified

“…Estudios in vitro sugieren que la virulencia del parásito depende del tipo de bacteria existente en el cultivo 29 .…”

Section: Patogenicidadunclassified

“…Las cisteíno proteasas que actúan sobre varios sustratos del hospedero y 4. Las proteínas de la membrana que son efectores potenciales 29 .…”

Section: Patogenicidadunclassified

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Amebiasis: aspectos clínicos, terapéuticos y de diagnóstico de la infección

Chacín-Bonilla

2013

Rev. méd. Chile

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609artículos de revisión L a amebiasis se considera como una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad en el mundo y constituye dentro de las enfermedades de origen parasitario, especialmente en el mundo en desarrollo, la tercera causa de muerte después de la malaria y la esquistosomiosis 1,2 . El reconocimiento de Entamoeba dispar y Entamoeba moshkovskii en humanos ha complicado más el diagnóstico de E. histolytica. Estas tres especies son morfológicamente indistinguibles y las dos primeras se consideran comensales. Sin embargo, estudios recientes sugieren que puedan desempeñar un papel patógeno. En Bangladesh e India, E. dispar y E. moshkovskii se observaron asociadas con síntomas gastrointestinales 3 y se ha demostrado que E. dispar produce lesiones intestinales y hepáticas en conejillos de Indias 4 . La distribución mundial y la magnitud de la infección de estas tres especies no son conocidas, ya que la mayoría de los diagnósticos, especialmente en el tercer mundo, se siguen basando en la observación microscópica lo que no permite diferenciarlas. Los datos actuales sugieren que E. dispar es 10 veces más común que E. histolytica en individuos asintomáticos pero las prevalencias locales de ambas especies varían significativamente 1 . No todas las infecciones con E. histolytica conducen a la enfermedad y sólo una de cada 10 infecciones progresan hacia la enfermedad 3 . El objetivo de esta revisión es describir y discutir los avances recientes en la amebiasis con énfasis en los aspectos clínicos, de diagnóstico y manejo de la infección. La epidemiología de la amebiasisLa amebiasis es común y ampliamente diseminada, pero la prevalencia varía según las áreas geográficas. Alrededor de 50 millones de personas

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Section: Patogenicidadunclassified

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Amebiasis: aspectos clínicos, terapéuticos y de diagnóstico de la infección

Chacín-Bonilla

2013

Rev. méd. Chile

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“…The infectious diseases caused by this parasite are a serious public health problem (6), and thus developing novel therapeutics to prevent these diseases is of great importance. We have shown that sulfate activation is a major metabolic pathway in E. histolytica mitosomes (1,5).…”

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Entamoeba mitosomes play an important role in encystation by association with cholesteryl sulfate synthesis

Mi-ichi

Miyamoto

Takao

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

114

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Hydrogenosomes and mitosomes are mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs) that have highly reduced and divergent functions in anaerobic/microaerophilic eukaryotes. Entamoeba histolytica, a microaerophilic, parasitic amoebozoan species, which causes intestinal and extraintestinal amoebiasis in humans, possesses mitosomes, the existence and biological functions of which have been a longstanding enigma in the evolution of mitochondria. We previously demonstrated that sulfate activation, which is not generally compartmentalized to mitochondria, is a major function of E. histolytica mitosomes. However, because the final metabolites of sulfate activation remain unknown, the overall scheme of this metabolism and the role of mitosomes in Entamoeba have not been elucidated. In this study we purified and identified cholesteryl sulfate (CS) as a final metabolite of sulfate activation. We then identified the gene encoding the cholesteryl sulfotransferase responsible for synthesizing CS. Addition of CS to culture media increased the number of cysts, the dormant form that differentiates from proliferative trophozoites. Conversely, chlorate, a selective inhibitor of the first enzyme in the sulfate-activation pathway, inhibited cyst formation in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that CS plays an important role in differentiation, an essential process for the transmission of Entamoeba between hosts. Furthermore, we show that Mastigamoeba balamuthi, an anaerobic, free-living amoebozoan species, which is a close relative of E. histolytica, also has the sulfate-activation pathway in MROs but does not possess the capacity for CS production. Hence, we propose that a unique function of MROs in Entamoeba contributes to its adaptation to its parasitic life cycle. mitochondrion-related organelles | protist | sulfolipids | differentiation M itochondrion-related organelles (MROs) are derived from canonical mitochondria and are found in a wide range of anaerobic/microaerophilic eukaryotes (1, 2). During the course of evolution MROs have undergone secondary loss of mitochondrial functions; this loss has occurred independently multiple times, resulting in the broad phylogenetic distribution of organisms possessing MROs (2). Furthermore, MROs occasionally acquire novel functions from other organisms by lateral gene transfer (LGT) (1, 3). Hence, MROs are not simply remnants of mitochondria but rather are organelles that display a variety of unique features (1-5).Unique features have been demonstrated in different types of MRO (2-4). Some anaerobic lineages of eukaryotes possess MROs (hydrogenosomes or hydrogen-producing mitochondria) that have remodeled their mitochondria drastically to couple ATP generation with hydrogen production (2-4). Mitosomes, another type of MRO maintained in some organisms that inhabit anaerobic/microaerophilic environments, do not produce ATP or hydrogen and have lost typical mitochondrial functions, such as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, and β-oxidation...

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Antiamoebic drugs for treating amoebic colitis

Gonzales

Dans

Sio‐Aguilar

2019

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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Background Infection with the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica is common in low‐ and middle‐income countries, and up to 100,000 people with severe disease die every year. Adequate therapy for amoebic colitis is necessary to reduce illness, prevent development of complicated disease and extraintestinal spread, and decrease transmission. Objectives To evaluate antiamoebic drugs for treating amoebic colitis. Search methods We searched the available literature up to 22 March 2018. We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, m RCT, and conference proceedings. We contacted individual researchers, organizations, and pharmaceutical companies, and we checked reference lists. Selection criteria Randomized controlled trials of antiamoebic drugs given alone or in combination, compared with placebo or another antiamoebic drug, for treating adults and children with a diagnosis of amoebic colitis. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently assessed the eligibility and methodological quality of trials and extracted and analysed the data. We calculated clinical and parasitological failure rates and rates of relapse and adverse events as risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), using a random‐effects model. We determined statistical heterogeneity and explored possible sources of heterogeneity using subgroup analyses. We carried out sensitivity analysis by using trial quality to assess the robustness of reported results. Main results In total, 41 trials (4999 participants) met the inclusion criteria of this review. In this update, we added four trials to the 37 trials included in the first published review version. Thirty trials were published over 20 years ago. Only one trial used adequate methods of randomization and allocation concealment, was blinded, and analysed all randomized participants. Only one trial used an E histolytica stool antigen test, and two trials used amoebic culture. Tinidazole may be more effective than metronidazole for reducing clinical failure (RR 0.28, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.51; 477 participants, eight trials; low‐certainty evidence) and is probably associated with fewer adverse events (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.92; 477 participants, 8 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence). Compared with metronidazole, combination therapy may result in fewer parasitological failures (RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.86; 720 participants, 3 trials; low‐certainty evidence), but we are uncertain which combination is more effective than another. Evidence is insufficient to allow conclusions regarding the efficacy of other antiamoebic drugs. Authors' conclusions Compared with metronidazole, tinidazole may be more effective in reducing clinical failur...

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Tissue destruction and invasion by Entamoeba histolytica

Cited by 173 publications

References 88 publications

Amebiasis: aspectos clínicos, terapéuticos y de diagnóstico de la infección

Amebiasis: aspectos clínicos, terapéuticos y de diagnóstico de la infección

Entamoeba mitosomes play an important role in encystation by association with cholesteryl sulfate synthesis

Antiamoebic drugs for treating amoebic colitis

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